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Weed control is a challenging event during crop cultivation. Natural alternatives to chemical weed control need time and are crucial for sustainable weed control. Chemical weed control is challenging, due to the recent increase in herbicide-resistant biotypes and to the harmful side effects of herbicides on the environment. Integrated management of weeds including the application of bioherbicides, is an emerging method for weed control in sustainable agriculture. Plant extracts, allelochemicals and some microbes are utilized as bioherbicides to control weed populations. Bioherbicides based on plants and microbes inhibit the germination and growth of weeds. One such plant known to have allelopathy property is Alternanthera philoxeroides Mart.) Griseb.]. It is a worldwide obnoxious and invasive weed, causing irreversibly damage in agricultural production especially in Rice and local aquatic ecosystem. Phytotoxic chemicals released by A. philoxeroides into irrigation water and/or directly into rice ecosystems have a significant inhibitory influence on germination, growth and yield of field crops, soil properties and nutrients availability, population and community structure, and weed invasion. Hence, A. philoxeroides can be used as a potential organic alternative to chemical weed-control, due to the higher susceptibility of terrestrial and aquatic weeds to the phytotoxic chemicals released by this weed.

We studied the allelopathic effects of mushroom Pholiota (Fr.) P. Kumm. species on seed germination and seedlings growth of Cucumis sativus L. and Lepidium sativum L. The mycelium of Pholiota species suppressed the seed germination, shoot and root length of test plants and also changed the morphology of roots (pubescence, changes in lateral roots). The inhibition in sprout length was 8.6 %-87. 1 % in C. sativus and 42.2 %-91.8 % in L. sativum depending on Pholiota species. Allelopathic effects of Pholiota subochracea (A.H.Sm.) Hesler, drastically decreased the germination to 12.9 % than control.

The medicinal plant Moringa Oleifera L. leaf methanol extract was analyzed for its total polyphenol content, total saponin content, total phlobatannin content and total flavonoid content. Four in-vitro antioxidant assays [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). were done to measure the reducing power and the scavenging ability of the extract. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (7.05 ± 0.2 µg/mL) for metal chelating ferrous ion activity followed by 2.54 ± 0.01 µg/mL for FRAP, 3.90 ± 0.02 µg/mL for DPPH, and 1.50 ± 0.02 µg/mL for TAC. Thus the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf has great potential as natural natural therapy, anti-oxidant source, and for the conservation of raw and processed foods.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a food ingredient in various forms (cornmeal, corn flour, cornstarch, and corn oil. It is also used for processing animal feeds and ethanol). Its seeds were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by inhibiting seed germination and seedling growth. The inhibitory properties of aflatoxin B1 were determined in the extracts of different bitter plants. A fluctuation in the content of starch, total sugar (TS), reducing sugar (RS) and non-reducing Sugar (NRS) was observed in maize seeds due to treatments of toxin and bitter plants. The maximum starch (62.46), total sugar (0.08) reducing sugar (0.02), and non-reducing sugar (0.028) were found in maize at a 2 ppm concentration of aflatoxin B1. The high levels of starch (14.12), total sugar (1.25), reducing sugar (0.36), and non-reducing sugar (2.46) were recorded in maize seeds due to aflatoxin B1. The a-amylase activity was inhibited by aflatoxin B1 treatment. The maximum O.D. values i.e., 0.68, 0.82, and 0.95 were recorded in maize seeds by treatment of aflatoxin B1 with the extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica, and Adhatoda vasica.

The liver produces hormones, plasma proteins, aids in detoxification, breaks down red blood cells, and regulates the body's glycogen storage. Liver diseases and its after effects causes illness and death. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem, which leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. Although DILI is uncommon but it occurs in hospitalised individuals with undetected liver problems. Different drugs are used in drug-induced liver injury in Eastern and Western nations. In Western regions, antibiotics are used to treat DILI, but in East, traditional Chinese medicine are used. Due to the limited effectiveness of traditional pharmacotherapies for liver injury, research is being conducted into alternate treatment methods. Herbal medications are widely used and are popular. We identified many plant chemicals (silymarin, curcumin, andrographolide, hesperidin, naringin, glycyrrhetinic acid, hawthorn extract, and epigallocathechin-3-gallate) with hepatoprotective properties. These substances have anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and antioxidant properties. Additionally, herbal components alter drug metabolic pathways, to lessen the hepatotoxicity of pharmaceutical treatments. We address various drug-induced liver damage pathways and natural remedies for hepatotoxicity and also emphasized the significance of molecular mechanisms behind DILI and the reasons for choice of treatment drugs.

Worldwide, obesity has gained attention as a major health pandemic that can lead to mortality. It is caused by genetics, medicines, stress, sleep and physical inactivity. Over the past three decades, the incidences of obesity has grown. Conventional methods to manage obesity are medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes. However, there is an increasing interest in alternative methods, especially herbal, due to the adverse effects of conventional therapies. To control obesity, the development of novel, and non-toxic techniques are required. Herbs are primary sources of bioactive components used to treat several diseases, including obesity. Various active constituents in plants showed anti-obesity activity through inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, suppression of appetite and enhancing lipolytic activity. One potential effective way to treat obesity is use of nanoparticles. These minute particles have the potential to directly transport anti-obesity medications to adipose tissue. Plant extracts are also used to synthesize nanoparticles, which is called “Green Synthesis”. This review explores the herbs (Allium cepa, Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus indica) used to treat obesity and discusses phytoconstituents (apigenin, lycopene, myricetin, and green synthesized nano-formulations) to manage obesity.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by abdominal pain, mucopurulent stools and primarily affecting the rectal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. Standard treatments for UC include glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics and biologics, but these have serious long-term side effects. To mitigate these effects, 40 % of UC patients use herbal natural products. However, delivering these treatments precisely to the inflamed colon poses a challenge. This review explores herbal approaches (potential herbal plants, secondary metabolites) used to treat UC and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for precise drug delivery. These advanced methods could overcome the limitations of traditional delivery systems. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo studies are crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms of UC and improve treatments. The review emphasizes the potential of integrating herbal plants and novel delivery technologies to treat UC and minimize complications.

Reproductive disorders in domestic animals necessitate innovative therapeutic approaches. This review examines the therapeutic potential of morin hydrate (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid present in Moraceae family, to treat reproductive disorders in males and females. Morin hydrate is potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation, which causes reproductive abnormalities. It has antimicrobial activity and inhibits pathogenic microorganisms. Morin also alleviates reproductive conditions (testicular abnormalities, ovarian cysts, ovulation failure and endometritis) enhance crucial enzyme activities and prevent lipid peroxidation, hence, beneficial to both male and female reproductive health.

This article describes the outstanding results of allelopathy from 1880-1984 by USSR scientists. This biography includes the salient achievements of outstanding allelopathy Soviet scientists: Vladimir Nikolaevich Sukachev, Mykola Hryhorovych Kholodny, Sergei Ivanovich Chernobrivenko, Boris Petrovich Tokin. Mykola Kholodny founded and developed the theory of phytohormones, phytogenic and other organic components in atmosphere (plant volatile secretions) and methods of their biotesting, studied rhizospheric aspects of allopathic plant interactions in soil microbiology. V.N. Sukachov formed the Principles of phytocoenological interactions of plants and chemical interactions in communities, formation of plant life strategies and laid the foundations of phytogenic fields. S.I. Chernobrivenko developed the structure of allelopathic regime in cenosis to study life strategies of plants and grouped interactions in different species in cenotic communities. V.R. Tokin, gave doctrine of ‘Plant Phytoncides’, which provided the basis for phytohormonal and phytoexudative interactions of plant species through secretions from roots and aboveground parts and their allelopathic actions

In Petri plate bioassays, we determined the allelopathic herbicidal effects of leaf and stem extracts (5, 10, 15 %) of Acacia nilotica L., Albizia lebbeck L., Dalbergia sissoo L., Mangifera indica L., Melia azedarach L. and Ziziphus mauritiana L. on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Avena fatua L. and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). At higher concentrations (10 % and 15 %) of trees leaf water extract, increased wheat germination but decreased that of wild oats. The lower concentrations of M. mangifera, M. azedarach and D. sisso leaves stimulated the radicle length. All concentrations of M. azedarach extracts stimulated the radicle length of wheat. However, leaf and stem extracts of all Donor trees increased the plumule length of wheat.

This study aimed to evaluate and identify the potential herbicidal activity of sorghum plants. The field experiments were done in completely randomized design with Main Plots and sub-plots. The experimental area was divided into two Main plots, in one plot sorghum was cultivated and in second plot corn (Zea mays L.) was cultivated under no-till system for straw. After the harvest of sorghum and corn, soybeans were sown in Main Plots, and weed control test was done in sub-plots (1.5 x5.0 m). This study aimed to develop sustainability through the use of renewable resources. The allelochemicals present in sorghum significantly changed the soil microbiology, reduced weed density restricted the growth and development of weeds

The study aimed to test the application of some endemic PGPR isolates on the cultivation of tomato hybrid variety "Tsarine" to improve its growth, production and fruit quality. We used 12 endemic bacterial PGPR isolates of Pseudomonas genus, from these bacterial suspensions were prepared and sprayed on seeds, then irrigated the young seedlings separately with each prepared bacterial suspension until the flowering. The isolate AC6 stimulated plant height and leaf biomass.

We investigated the allelopathic effects of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf and root aqueous extracts concentrations (1 %, 3 %, 5 % and 7 %) on germination, shoot length and root length of Glycine max (soybean) and Linum usitatissimum (flax). Findings indicated a concentration-dependent inhibitory response in both crops, with notable interspecies differences. Leaf extract results showed that G. max germination was highly sensitive to lower concentrations, exhibiting up to 80 % inhibition at 1 % and 3 %, while L. usitatissimum exhibited greater inhibition of 81.79 % at 7 %. The inhibitory effects on shoot and root lengths were more pronounced at higher concentrations, with L. usitatissimum root length showing drastic inhibition (95.50 %) at 7 %. Root extract at lower concentrations were less inhibitory in G. max but showed severe inhibition at 7 %, while, in L. usitatissimum there was mild stimulation at lower concentrations. These concentration-dependent interactions highlight U. dioica’s potential as a bio-herbicide, selectively impacting different crop species and growth parameters. The study underscores the necessity of understanding allelopathic interactions in sustainable agriculture and suggests future investigations to incorporate positive controls, evaluate physicochemical parameters (osmotic potential and pH) and explore the specific allelochemicals present in U. dioica for eco-friendly weed management strategies.

This study, evaluated the allelopathic effects of Parthemim hysterophorus L. aqueous extracts on the germination and seedlings growth of noxious weed Portulaca oleracea L. The lower concentrations inhibited the germination and the sub-lethal concentrations decreased the germination and seedlings growth. The Microscopic analysis of the affected seedlings showed necrosis of primordial roots that caused death of seedlings. The phytochemical composition of the extracts was analysed by GC-MS, it revealed the presence with phytotoxic properties. Our study highlighted the herbicidal potential of aqueous extracts of P. hysterophorus L. on agricultural weed P. oleracea L.

This Review Series pays homage to the contributions of Outstanding Allelopathy Researchers in USSR. It has 4 Parts: Part I (1880-1984), Part II (1904-2000), Part III (1937-2023), Part IV (1937-2023). Part I has been Published in Allelopathy Journal vol 64(2): 95-132, March 2025. The article describes the outstanding results of Allelopathy research (achievements, theoretical and practical developments) during 1902-2000 of USSR scientists. The main biographical data and achievements of scientific activity of outstanding Allelopathy Soviet scientists are given: Alexander Lucianovich Bel’gard, Tikhon Alexandrovich Rabotnov, Ivan Naumovich Rakhteenko, Anna Alexandrovna Chasovennaya, Mikhail Vasilievich Kolesnichenko, Valentina Dionis'evna Roshchina. This group of scientists laid the foundations of (I). Bio- and phytocoenology, (ii). Physiological aspects of allelopathic competitions and its classification, formed directions for the successful introduction of plant species from their possible competitive dominance (T.A. Rabotnov), the influence of root exudates on relations between plants through the rhizosphere, (iii). the basic relations between woody and herbaceous plants and the principles of their landscape combination were determined, (iv). the factors of soil fatigue in perennial vegetation (I.N. Rakhteenko, M.V. Kolesnichenko), (v). Phytoncidal and allelopathic theory of plant interactions in biogeocenoses, (vi). Basis for biotesting of allelopathic effects of plants at the cellular and organismal levels was formed (A.A. Chasovennaya, V.D. Roshchina).

Invasive plant species, such as Mikania micrantha (M. micrantha), Leucaena leucocephala (L. leucocephala) and Mimosa pigra (M. pigra), often outcompete native vegetation, leading to biodiversity loss and ecological imbalance. These invasive species can negatively impact ecosystems by altering habitat structure, modifying nutrient cycling, and suppressing the growth of native plants, which can have significant ecological and economic consequences, particularly in agriculture. This study investigates the allelopathic effects of three invasive species on five soil-conserving grasses native to Taiwan: Axonopus affinis Chase (A. affinis), Cynodon dactylon (C. dactylon), Dichondra repens (D. repens), Paspalum notatum (P. notatum) and Eremochloa ophiuroides (E. ophiuroides). Results indicate that the root growth of A. affinis, C. dactylon, and D. repens was inhibited by extracts of M. micrantha, while P. notatum and E. ophiuroides showed no significant effects. In contrast, the root growth of all five grass species was inhibited by the L. leucocephala extracts. For M. pigra, the root growth of A. affinis, E. ophiuroides, and D. repens was inhibited, while C. dactylon and P. notatum were unaffected. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects were correlated with increased peroxidase (POD) activity in the plants, suggesting a potential mechanism of resistance or tolerance in some species, particularly P. notatum. This grass species exhibited notable resistance to allelochemicals from M. micrantha and M. pigra but appeared more vulnerable to those from L. leucocephala. The study also examined the effects of benzoic acid, the primary allelochemical in M. micrantha, and mimosine, the key compound in L. leucocephala and M. pigra. The growth inhibition caused by these compounds mirrored the effects of the plant extracts, highlighting the allelopathic potential of benzoic acid and mimosine, which be used as a natural herbicide to protect human health. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex interactions between invasive plant species and native grasses, particularly the potential resistance of P. notatum to certain allelochemicals, which could inform strategies for managing invasive species and conserving native vegetation in Taiwan.

We evaluated the allelopathic effects of methanol extracts from different parts of Cosmos sulphureus var. hirsuticaulis (CS) on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., used as an indicator species, to compare the inhibitory potential of flowers, leaves, stems and roots. The experiment was done in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and 6-extract concentrations (0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 g/mL). Results showed that the inhibitory effects of CS extracts on germination and growth were concentration-dependent, with stronger suppression at higher concentrations. The flower and leaf extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory potential on root and shoot elongation, significantly stronger than those of stem and root extracts. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds (64.95 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (1.96 mg QE/g fresh extract). Among plant parts, flowers contained the highest levels of phenolics (66.32 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (3.39 mg QE/g). Greenhouse trials further demonstrated that leaf extracts at 0.96 g/mL significantly reduced weed growth, with Leptochloa chinensis and Fimbristylis miliacea exhibiting 50 % and 48.53 % inhibition, respectively. These findings suggest that CS leaf extracts may serve as an eco-friendly bioherbicide for sustainable weed management in rice production.

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) shell ginger is a perennial plant valued for its essential oils (EO). We compared the chemical composition and biological activities of its rhizome and leaf essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of rhizome oil were camphor (33.63 %), 1,8-cineole (13.91 %), ß-linalool (9.95 %) and a-terpineol (5.75 %), whereas leaf oil contained 1,8-cineole (39.86 %), camphor (12.39 %), a-terpineol (9.67 %), ß-linalool (6.42 %) and terpin-4-ol (3.81 %). Herbicidal activity was tested against Parthenium hysterophorus at concentrations of 50-200 µL/mL. The rhizome oil inhibited seed germination by 93.33 % (IC50 = 96.76 µL/mL), root length by 97.77 % (IC50 = 98.70 µL/mL) and shoot length by 74.84 % (IC50 = 110.43 µL/mL) at 200 µL/mL. The leaf oil showed stronger inhibition, with 91.66 % inhibition of seed germination (IC50 = 88.09 µL/mL), 98.14 % root length inhibition (IC50 = 96.07 µL/mL) and 90.00 % shoot length inhibition (IC50 = 109.19 µL/mL). Antifungal activity was assessed using the poisoned food technique against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Curvularia lunata. At 200 µL/mL, the rhizome oil inhibited C. lindemuthianum and C. lunata growth by 91.48 % and 90.00 %, respectively, while leaf oil showed slightly higher inhibition of 92.22 % and 90.74 %, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of A. zerumbet essential oils as natural herbicides and antifungal agents, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals.

We studied the influence of leaf leachates and organic extracts of leaves of exotic tree specie Melaleuca leucadendra (L) on some physiochemical properties of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek seeds. The leaf leachate was extracted with organic solvents of decreasing polarity: Methanol > ethyl acetate > chloroform > hexane). Extracts were prepared with each organic solvent at 3-concentrations (5 %, 10 % and 15 %), by adding 5 g, 10 g or 15 g of dried leaf powder to 100 ml of organic solvent. The germination (%), speed of germination and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stainability were reduced. T50 values (time required for 50 % of seeds to germinate), were increased. These effects were strictly concentration dependent in both leaf leachate and organic extracts. Increased levels of amino acids, soluble carbohydrates and activity of amylase were found. On the other hand, insoluble carbohydrates, proteins and catalase activity were reduced. Methanol extract (15 %) among all organic extracts showed highest inhibitory effects on pre-treated seeds. Through column chromatography the methanol extract was separated into different fractions based on their polarity. Among the isolated fractions Hexane: Ethylacetate (9:1 v/v) elutes showed the maximum inhibition. The High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopic (HRMS) data confirmed the presence of five major compounds viz., neral, 3-methylbutyl heptanoate, nerolidol, geranyl benzoate and phytol in elute

Terminalia spp., a genus in the Combretaceae family, includes species widely used in traditional medicine across India, Africa and Southeast Asia. This review explores the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of species like Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula. Despite their extensive use, these species remain underexplored in terms of their bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action. Their medicinal properties are attributed to key phytochemicals, including tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and triterpenes. These contribute to a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities. The mechanisms underlying these effects primarily involve modulation of oxidative stress pathways, inflammatory mediators and cell signaling. However, further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and unlock the full therapeutic potential of Terminalia spp. in modern medicine.

Hepatotoxicity, which arises from exposure to various toxins, pharmaceuticals, infections, or metabolic disorders, is a significant global health issue. Traditional treatment methods often come with considerable side effects, leading to increased interest in plant-based solutions recognized for their effectiveness and safety. Historically, medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine systems for liver protection, providing bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols that demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. This review aimed to show the potential of different plants by examining their phytochemical compositions and mechanisms through which they mitigate liver damage and additionally, it provides a list of potential plant species for liver health applications. By analysing scientifically validated research and identifying less-studied plant species, this study underscores the necessity for further exploration to incorporate these natural remedies into contemporary therapeutic practices. Such an approach could facilitate the creation of innovative and sustainable treatments for liver-related conditions.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) contains various biologically active compounds, such as kaempferol and quercetin, which possess anti-cancer properties. Its leaf has high concentration of polyphenols, flavones and tannins, while exhibiting lower levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenes. Despite the potent antibacterial properties of polyphenols, it may be inferred that the antimicrobial efficacy of guava is primarily attributed to its elevated levels of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Numerous research has demonstrated that guava leaf extracts have antibacterial properties in rats and guinea pigs, indicating that guava leaves and their other components may be utilized to treat many ailments, including diarrhea, spasms, rheumatism and wounds. This review elucidates the several phytochemicals found in Psidium guajava that are responsible for diverse biological activities. This work concentrates on the investigation of several bioactives that may be examined in future research to provide more beneficial outcomes.

The article describes the outstanding results of a long cycle of research (main achievements and theoretical and practical developments) for the period 1904-2019 on the issues of allelopathy by scientists of the Soviet period of the USSR. The main biographical data and achievements of scientific activity of outstanding Soviet scientists in the field of allelopathy are given: Andrei Mikhailovich Grodzinsky, Givi Alexandrovich Sanadze, Yulian Andriyovich Zlobin, ?rast Anatoliyovych Golovko, Larisa Dem'yanivna Yurchak. Scientists of this period significantly deepened the mechanism of allopathic interaction of plants. In accordance with the results of A.M. Grodzinsky's research, a holistic scientific concept of allopathy was formed and fully detailed, which included the entire spectrum of active alleloochemicals - volatile phytoncides, root soil extrudates derived from the immobilization of plant residues. The existence of the soil fatigue mechanism was formulated and proved, on the basis of which agrotechnological approaches to the formation of crop rotations, the creation of complex polyphyllous crops, phytodesign and the formation of highly productive agricultural landscapes, the use of the identified mechanisms of allelopathic effects in the formation of biological protection (herbicide-free control) were formed. The methodology of laboratory and field study of allelochemicals in the application of various practices was significantly deepened in terms of plant species, soil type and the nature of the soil and climatic regime of the territories. These developments in terms of detailing allelochemicals and their resulting effects and aftereffects in the cenosis of different plant species and cenotic systems of varying complexity and tiering were deepened by Grodzinsky's scientific followers and students - E.A. Golovko and L.D. Yurchak. G.A. Sanadze's research deepened Tokin's phytoncidal theory by studying the complex mechanism of plant interaction through volatile biologically active secretions (the isoprene theory is generally recognized in the world). Another scientist Y.A. Zlobin developed the concept of the vitalized structure of plant cenopopulations, which is still used by scientists around the world to assess species competition and the viability of plant populations and is a format for the structural morphometric response of plants and their blends to different levels of allopathic interaction.

This study aimed to identify the allelopathic potential of sorghum for weed control. The no-till field experiment was done in split-plot design. Initially, the entire experimental area was divided into two mains plots, (i). Grain sorghum cultivation and (ii). Corn cultivation to grow straw. Subsequently, the plots were used for soybean cultivation and to conduct a weed control trial constituting the subplots. There were five replicates consisting of five plots of 1.5 x 5 m. Applications of sorghum aqueous extract diluted to 75 % in a volume of 150 L ha-1 were carried out with a jet directed to the weeds at three moments throughout the soybean cycle: at 30, 45 and 60 days after germination. Soil cover with sorghum straw and the use of extract from its leaves represent an important alternative for weed control due to the physical action of straw in restricting luminosity and controlling soil temperature, and due to the chemical effects of allelochemicals on soil seeds and the action of the extract in reducing photosynthesis and controlling weed development.

We evaluated the herbicidal activity of sub-subfractions recovered from n-hexane leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Amaranthus spinosus L. growth. The column chromatography was used to separate the n-hexane extract into its subfractions (A) and rechromatograph into its two sub-fractions, sub-subfractions A1 and sub-subfractions A2. In pot culture, these sub-subfractions were applied to A. spinosus at 2 %, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % concentrations and distilled water as control. The sub-subfractions showed phytotoxic activity one day after application. All sub-subfractions had promising herbicidal effects on A. spinosus as they suppressed A. spinosus growth by 100 % at 2 % concentration or higher in 1 day after application (DAA). The compounds detected by GC-MS in sub-subfraction A1 were 2H-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl- (11.01 %), caryophyllene oxide (10.27 %), phytol (8.79 %), cyclohexene, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene-, [S-(R*,S*)]-(7.32 %), caryophyllene (7.23 %), phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-ethyl- (5.56 %), 1-octadecanethiol (CAS) octadecanethiol (4.71 %), squalene (4.5 %), phytol, acetate (4.17 %), 1-heptadecene (3.47 %), octadecyl trifluoroacetate (3.03 %). Additionally, GC-MS detected the presence of compounds in sub-subfraction A2 which were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (22.21 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (22.06 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (18.89 %), stigmasterol (10.36 %), ?-sitosterol (7.05 %), 1H-inden-1-one, 7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,3- dihydro-3,3-dimethyl (5.15 %), stigmast-7-en-3-ol, (3ß,5a)- (4.48 %), 2H-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2- dimethyl- (3.13 %).

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop. But it is infected by various diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and pseudofungi, in particular the oomycete Phytophthora capsici Leonian. We studied, in-vitro antifungal properties of Ageratum conyzoides L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. leaf extracts in different solvents (ethanolic, methanolic, acetonic and chloroform) against P. capsici causal agent of blight disease in Capsicum annuum. Acetone and chloroform extracts were very inhibitory. These extracts from Parthenium and Ageratum at 10 % most effectively inhibited the P. capsici when used as biofungicide. The low standard deviations in acetone and chloroform solvents, indicated results reliability and consistency and supported the Permanova analysis and associated p-values. The detection of biomolecule composition using FTIR spectroscopy was accurate and sensitive.

A phytosociological study was conducted for three years (2021 to 2024) in Mumbai region. Four sites were selected which were heavily infested with Parthenium hysterophorus L. (test weed). Along with Parthenium, some other weeds were cohabiting like Calotropis procera, (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, Withania somnifera, (L.) Dunal, Cassia occidentalis L., Tephrosia purpurea L. and Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad and Wendl. Results revealed that Cassia occidentalis was dominant over all other weeds including test weed, at three sites out of four selected sites. The relative frequency, relative density, relative dominance, and importance value index of Cassia occidentalis was found to be maximum i.e. 30.30, 53.04, 40.78 and 124.12 at site III followed by sites IV and I. To confirm this field observation, an in-vitro study was also conducted to observe the allelopathic potential of Cassia occidentalis on Parthenium hysterophorus. Efficacy of shoot and root aqueous leachates of 100 % concentration of 3rd and 9th day of C. procera, W. somnifera, C. occidentalis, T. purpurea and S. xanthocarpum were assessed on P. hysterophorus weed. Significant inhibition (P> 0.05) was observed at 100 % concentration of 9th-day shoot aqueous leachates of C. occidentalis on Parthenium weed over control followed by root aqueous leachates. Significant inhibition on Parthenium seedlings was also found to be maximum by Cassia occidentalis. Thus, the allelopathic potential of Cassia occidentalis as biological agents can be used to control Parthenium weeds population.

Numerous microbial populations exist in soil, which contribute to the rhizosphere community's variety through differences in genotype, phenotype and functional traits. These organisms fall under the category of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which is a collection of bacteria found in the rhizosphere that supports normal plant growth in the presence of biotic and abiotic stressors by the synthesis of phytohormones, increased enzymatic activity, induction of different PR-proteins, increased nutrients absorption and various other growth promotion processes. In this study, thirty distinct bacteria were isolated from the root and surrounding soil of Solanum lycopersicum L. plants, which were further categorized based on strong fungal antagonistic and distinguished plant growth promotion characteristics. Among these four isolates were selected based on remarkable study outcomes and the 2 best isolates were selected for molecular identification by the Sanger sequencing method. These isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Erwinia tasmaniensis and employed as plant growth-promoting bacteria to support the tomato plant's better growth and high yield.

Rutin, a bioactive flavonoid glycoside found in over seventy plant species, has attracted considerable interest because of its broad pharmacological profile. Traditionally derived from buckwheat seeds, citrus fruits and medicinal plants, rutin has been a keystone of therapeutic uses in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and European herbal traditions. Modern studies validate its multifaceted bioactivities, such as strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anticancer activities. Pharmacological studies demonstrate that rutin has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach, 1884) and Candida krusei (Castellani, 1905) and synergistically improves standard antibiotic and antifungal treatments. Although having significant therapeutic promise, rutin's translation into the clinical setting is circumscribed by its limited aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Progress in recent nanoencapsulation and drug delivery techniques has endeavoured to obviate these barriers, optimizing their pharmacokinetics. By linking conventional medicinal heritage with contemporary pharmacological developments, rutin remains at the epicentre of scientific research, anticipating new therapeutic interventions in chronic disease treatment.

The article describes the main achievements and theoretical and practical developments in Allelopathy Research for the period 1937-2023 by scientists of USSR. The main biographical data and achievements of scientific activity of outstanding Soviet scientists in the field of allelopathy are given. -Boris Mikhailovich Mirkin, Pavlo Antonovich Moroz, Nikolay Mikhailovich Matveev, Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina. These scientists deepened and developed the study of aspects of allelopathic tactics of plants on the example of fruitful perennial plants with the formation of criteria of allelopathic sensitivity and allelopathic tolerance, allelopathic threshold of sensitivity, allelopathic mode of biocenosis and its structure, expanded the substantive concept of allelopathically active compounds (genes) and ways of their existence and distribution in the biocenosis, the concept of aftereffects in monocultures is significantly detailed unchanged cultivation of plants in the same territory, the directions of allelopathic phytoindication are also detailed (P.A. Moroz, N.M. Matveev). The issue of species phytocenology was expanded and adapted from the standpoint of the formation of plant successions, phytocenological pressure in plant populations of different densities and species structure using the approaches of vitality tactics and levels of coenotic interaction of plants (B.M. Mirkin). New aspects of the study of allelopathic activity and allelopathic potential of plants based on the cellular-physiological cycle of neurotransmitter systems of the plant cell (chemoreception, chemosensitization, free-radical processes of chemical interaction, etc.) were initiated (V.V. Roshchina).

Weeds management using herbicides is necessary to get higher yield of crops. Allelopathy is promising alternative for weeds control. Many plants have allelopathic herbicidal potential; hence, it is essential to evaluate them to integrate into sustainable weed management strategies. This review aimed to explore the allelopathic potential of plants for weed control. The allelopathic management has gained popularity to reduce environmental contamination and minimize the use of herbicides for weed control. Natural herbicides, offer an environmental friendly alternative to present synthetic herbicides.

Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) is a highly invasive weed in wheat fields. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), a halophytic plant rich in phenolic compounds exhibited allelopathic potential. Its seeds contain a bitter, toxic outer layer of saponins. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of quinoa-derived saponin and plant residues on wild barley under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions during 2022-2023. Results confirmed that both saponin and quinoa residues exerted significant allelopathic herbicidal effects on wild barley. There is little work on allelopathic effects of quinoa saponin on weeds or crops.

Using spectral methods, we studied the condition of leaf surface of allelopathically active silver dollar eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) F. Muell Ex. Benth (fam. Myrtaceae) in various seasons. We evaluated the presence of blue azulene pigments on the surface and inside the cells. Using microspectrophotometry techniques, the dynamics of the number of azulenes on the surface of intact cells according to their absorbance spectra (maxima in the region of 570-630 nm) was seen, confirmed by spectral analysis of ethanol and acetone extracts of these pigments during short 10-min extraction of intact leaves. Prolonged extraction for 24-48 h also indicated the presence of azulenes inside the cells as well. The largest amount of these pigments was found in all extraction samples in the spring season, characteristic of the highest ultraviolet insolation. It is assumed that this was due to the antioxidant protection of azulenes from the damaging effects of formed reactive oxygen species.