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Showing 1553 articles

May, 2024  Volume (62 - 1)
Alga, allelopathic compounds, Chlorophyll, HPLC, Glycine max, nutraceutical traits, plant growth, Spirogyra, Stimulatory effects, yield.
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Stimulatory effects of alga Spirogyra extract on Glycine max L.
  • Pages - 51-58
  • Wasan Salih Hussain and Hiba F.A. Shihab
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  • View Abstract  This study aimed to determine the effects of Spirogyra extract on plant growth, yields and nutritional and nutraceutical traits of soybean seeds. An experiment was done during 2022-2023 Soybean seeds of Taqa and Lee 74 cultivars were sown, and the Spirogyra extract (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 %) was used to irrigate to 75 % per pot) Field capacity. Biometric traits, seed yield, and seed number were determined. The application of Spirogyra extract decreased the growth and yield of soybean, with no adverse effects on the nutritional value of seeds. Allelopathic compounds present in the algae extract were identified using HPLC, and included hydroquinone and cinnamic acid.


May, 2024  Volume (62 - 1)
Allelochemicals, biopesticides, EPN, infective juvenile, IPM, nematode, Steinernema abbasi, termites, wheat
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Field efficacy of Steinernema abbasi-nematodes enriched bio-insecticidal powder to control termite in wheat and chickpea
  • Pages - 59-70
  • Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay, Shubham Chaudhary, Vishal S Somvanshi, Suresh M Nebapure, Subhash Babu, Anupama Singh
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  • View Abstract  Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are well-known biocontrol agents to control both above- and below-ground insect pests. EPNs can also control plant parasitic nematodes by releasing allelochemicals through symbiotic bacteria present in their guts. This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy of a novel powder formulation comprising of infective juveniles (IJs) of a heat-tolerant indigenous EPN species of India, Steinernema abbasi, against subterranean termites (Odontotermes obesus) in wheat and chickpea fields. The bioefficacy of test formulation in field study for three rabi seasons (2020-2023) in wheat and chickpea grown in field heavily infested with subterranean termites decreased the plant damage from termite attack, monitored as relative number of infested tillers in wheat and infested plants in chickpea fields. The reduced damage in test crops caused by termites increased growth, yield attributes and yield of test crops. This present research validated the prepared formulation's potential as a biopesticide ideal for organic farming and integrated pest management practices.


May, 2024  Volume (62 - 1)
Allelochemicals, Avena fatua, chemical herbicides, chlorophyll content, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Essential oil emulsions (EOEs), Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Pelargonium graveolens, post-emergence, soil enzyme, weed control.
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Herbicidal potential of essential oils of Mentha piperita, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Mentha arvensis, and Pelargonium graveolens to control wild oat
  • Pages - 71-84
  • P. Maurya, A. Mazeed, I.Z. Ahmad and P. Suryavanshi
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  • View Abstract  Aromatic and medicinal plants release volatile allelochemicals which influence the organisms in their environment. A pot culture experiment was conducted to determine the phytotoxic activity of essential oil emulsions (EOEs) of Mentha piperita L., Chrysopogon zizanioides L., Mentha arvensis L. and Pelargonium graveolens L. with two herbicides (clodinafof-propargyl 15 % WP and sulfosulfuran 75 % WG) on growth and physiological parameters of Avena fatua L. (wild oat) and on soil enzyme activities. Post-emergence application of EOEs and chemical herbicide were applied on 5-week old A. fatua plants. We found that several EOEs with varying concentrations and chemical herbicides reduced (p = 0.05) the A. fatua plant growth (shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight of plant), physiological parameters and also affected the post-harvest soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC). Chlorophyll content was considerably decreased, but increased proline accumulation and electrolyte leakage in A. fatua plants indicating membrane rupture and loss of integrity. Since essential oils interfere with plant growth and physiological processes and have exceptional inhibitory effects on the A. fatua plant, the allelochemicals present in these donor plants may be used as active ingredients to develop natural herbicides.


May, 2024  Volume (62 - 1)
Aegle marmellos, Annona squamosa, Bioassay, GCMS, Mangifera indica, Morinda tinctoria, Moringa oleifera, seed germination, tree leaf extracts
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Effects of leaf extracts of five tree species on germination and seedling growth of millets, Paspalum scrobiculatum and Panicum miliaceum
  • Pages - 85-96
  • C. Swaminathan, K. Sangeetha, P. Nivethadevi, M.M. Yassin and R. Renuka
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  • View Abstract  We analyzed the biochemical compounds by GCMS and did bioassay of leaf extracts of five tree species viz., Aegle marmellos (L.) Correa, Annona squamosa L., Mangifera indica L., Morinda tinctoria Roxb and Moringa oleifera Lam. on germination and associated characteristics of kodomillet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L) and prosomillet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Response Index was used for comparison, and by GCMS, the compounds found in the leaves were determined and studied their effects on germination and seedling growth. The 5 % Moringa oleifera leaf extract, followed by extracts from A. squamosa and Mangifera indica, improved millets' seed germination. Perhaps because the extracts contained the dominant compounds 2-Piperidinone and 2-Pyrrolidinone. Tree leaf extracts from the above-donor species had a synergistic effects in prosomillet, stimulating germination by 14-18 %, than kodomillet. However, Morinda tinctoria and Aegle marmellos leaf extracts inhibited the germination of both millets than control.


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Economic importance, ginseng distribution, ginseng industry, ginseng market, Panax ginseng
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Allelopathic Medicinal Plants 1. Panax ginseng
  • Pages - 97-114
  • Y.Q. Chen, S.Y. Gao, Q. Gao, T. Zhang and C.B. Chen
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  • View Abstract  Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng) is precious traditional Chinese medicine in China, which is commonly used to treat central nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine system diseases, cancer and other diseases. Due to its excellent medicinal properties, it is widely used in East Asia (Korea, China and Japan) as herbal medicine and also known as the king of medicinal herbs. This paper reviews the origin and distribution of ginseng in China, different cultivation methods, economic significance of ginseng industry and allelopathy research on ginseng. This paper also describes the economic importance of ginseng in medical and other uses, and suggests future research areas of ginseng.


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Allelopathy, biodiversity threat, habitat destruction, invasive species, weed management
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Role of allelopathy in invasion of invasive species
  • Pages - 115-138
  • H. Qureshi and T. Anwar
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  • View Abstract  Allelopathy, the biochemical interaction between plants through the release of chemicals known as allelochemicals, plays a significant role in the invasion dynamics of many invasive species. This review explores the mechanisms by which allelopathy contributes to the competitive advantage of invasive plants, the types of allelochemicals involved, their modes of action, and the ecological impacts on native plant communities. We discuss the role of allelopathy in invasive species such as Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven), Eucalyptus spp., and Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), highlighting current research and identifying gaps for future study.


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Ageratum conyzoides, allelopathy, allelochemicals, bioherbicide, biopesticide, goat weed, green biosphere, natural herbicide, phytochemicals.
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Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.)- potential as biopesticide and bioherbicide
  • Pages - 139-154
  • Mo Shadab, NazishAkhtar, Quratul ain, Uzma Parveen and M.B. Siddiqui
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  • View Abstract  Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) possesses several phytochemicals, which can be used environment friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides and herbicides. The major chemicals can serve as natural herbicides and pesticides to expand the range of the green biosphere. This paper: (i) overviews A. conyzoides L.; (ii) classification of A. conyzoides L.; (iii) botanical characteristics; (iv) invasiveness of A. conyzoides. (v) bioactivity of major compounds identified in Ageratum conyzoides L. and (vi) effects of A. conyzoides on different pathogens as biopesticide.


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Annona muricata. cancer. Cytotoxic activity. Dichloromethane extract. estracts. GCMS. Toxicity.
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Cytotoxic activity of dichloromethane extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) against cancer
  • Pages - 155-168
  • Y.Rosiyana, B. Ginting, M. Murniana and M. Yahya
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  • View Abstract  Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) contain various secondary metabolite compounds with pharmacological benefits. This study foccused on the activity and chemical components cytotoxic active fraction of soursop leaf dichloromethane extract. From maceration of 535.8 g dried sample of A. muricata leaves we obtained extracts of n-hexane (18.4 g; 3.43 %). dichloromethane (11.4 g; 2.23 %). and methanol (48.7 g; 9.95 %). The dichloromethane extract was separated for its chemical components using gravity column chromatography resulting in 9 combined fractions. Toxicity screening test was done based on Bhrine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and cytotoxic test using MTT method 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The highest toxicity and cytotoxic test results were found in DMD 1 dichloromethane extract of A. muricata leaves with LC50 of 19.05 µg/mL and IC50 of 824.09 µg/mL. The results of DMD 1 gravity column re-chromatography produced 6-combined subfractions with the best separation pattern on DMD 1.4 and the results of GC-MS chromatogram analysis showed 29 peaks with the main component of fatty acid compounds namely Carbonic acid. but-2-yn-1-yl octadecyl ester (70.46 %). Potential anticancer compounds found were Phytol; 2-Hydroxy-1.1.10-trimethyl-6.9- epidioxydecalin and 2-Piperidinone. N-(4-bromo-n-butyl).


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Biology, Biotic potential, Demography, Hosts, Meridic Diet, Reproductive fitness, Spodoptera litura.
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Impact of different hosts and meridic diet on biology, reproductive fitness and demographic parameters of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)
  • Pages - 169-192
  • H. Kumar, D. Sagar, M.C. Keerthi, S. Subramanian and R. Reshma
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  • View Abstract  S. litura is dreaded polyphagous insect pest in Asian tropics. The fundamental and applied research always requires laboratory rearing of insects. This study investigated the effects of natural hosts (castor, cauliflower, cabbage and tomato) and meridic diet on biological, reproductive physiology and demographic parameters of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The castor and meridic diet gave better results in several parameters than other hosts. The total developmental period was shortest on castor. Though, it was longest on meridic diet, but the pupal weight and eupyrene sperm bundle counts were on par in both the cases. The fecundity was superior (1791.7 ± 65.64 per/female) in castor, followed by meridic diet (1718.3 ± 95.80). The demographic parameters and biotic potential were highest in castor, whereas the gross reproductive rate was highest on meridic diet. The study showed that the meridic diet may be an alternate choice in the absence of natural hosts for mass rearing of S. litura throughout the year. The demographic parameters calculated were linked to prediction of population structure on different hosts in developing life-table based simulations for use in pest management.


July, 2024  Volume (62 - 2)
Ageratum conyzoides L., agroecosystems, allelopathy, aqueous extracts, canopy gap analysis, corn, crop growth, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, novel weapon (NW) hypothesis, Solanum lycopersicum, tomato, Zea mays.
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Allelopathic effects of Ageratum conyzoides L. on the germination and growth of Zea mays L., Lactuca sativa L. and Solanum lycopersicum L.
  • Pages - 193-204
  • R.B. Syngkli and P.K. Rai
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  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic potential of Ageratum conyzoides L. aqueous leaf extracts on germination and growth of Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato), Zea mays L. (corn) and Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce). Total phenolic content (TPC) of the soil rhizosphere was determined by spectrophotometry method. We also investigated the habitat attributes (e.g., canopy openness and leaf area index (LAI)) of A. conyzoides infested region. Results revealed that aqueous leaf extracts had both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the germination, plumule length and radicle length of crops. All extract concentrations inhibited the germination of Z. mays and L. sativa seeds, but no effects on S. lycopersicum, except at 50 gL-1. Conversely, plumule and radicle lengths were stimulated in S. lycopersicum and L. sativa for majority of extract concentrations but they were inhibited in Z. mays. The inhibitory allelopathic effects of A. conyzoides were maximum in Z. mays (i.e., S. lycopersicum < L. sativa < Z. mays). TPC values in invaded soil were 0.046 g/L and 0.48 g/L with gallic acid and catechol, respectively. This study showed that the presence of allelochemicals in A. conyzoides invaded soil, which potentially influenced the crops, thereby validating the ‘novel weapon (NW) hypothesis’. The recorded values of habitat attributes were associated with the successful spread of A. conyzoides and hence, its allelopathic effects on test crops.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Allelopathy, Bidens pilosa, Cymbopogon nardus, Desmodium uncinatum, Mucuna pruriens, Oryza sativa, Volunteer weeds, Zea mays.
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Effects of selected crops on germination and growth of Bidens pilosa L.and other weeds
  • Pages - 18-Jan
  • M.G. Kaiira, L. Owere, B. Chemayek and J. Etiang
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  • View Abstract 

    Profiled metabolites from 5-donor plants; Mucuna pruriens, L. (Mc), Cymbopogon nardus L. (C), Desmodium uncinatum Jacq. DC. (D), (Zea mays, L. (Mz) and New Rice for Africa 1 (NERICA 1) were Terpenoids and Phenols. NERICA 1 (R) is a cross of Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. C produced 10 terpenoids + 1 ester, R and D each released 6 Terpenoids + 3 Phenols. Mc produced 2 Terpenoids + 4 Phenols and 5 Terpenoids + 4 Phenols were profiled from Mz. We adopted a completely randomised block design with 3 replicates and eight combinations of 3 leaf+ stem+root powders namely; Mc+D+C, Mz+Mc+C, RDC, Mc+D+C, Mz+R+Mc, Mz+D+Mc, R+Mc+C and Mz+R+C, mixed with 1.5 kg soil (15, 30 and 45 %, w/w). Controls had no powders. Mixtures were placed in plastic pots and 20 seeds of Biden pilosa L. were sown in each pot. Every 2 days, 200 ml of water was applied to all treatments for 60 days. Mz+Mc controlled B. pilosa and volunteer weeds relative to R+C and C+D. Weed germination and biomass reduced with increased powder doses. Volunteer monocot weeds were more inhibited than dicots. High potential exists for functional allelopathy using allelochemicals in the donor plants to develop bio-herbicides.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Celosia cristata, Hepatoprotective, phytochemical screening, phytochemicals
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Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological potential of Celosia cristata L.
  • Pages - 19-30
  • Sandhya Singh, Avijit Mazumder and Bhavani Pentela
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  • View Abstract  Celosia cristata (family Amaranthaceae), has significant medicinal value with rich phytochemical composition and is used traditionally across cultures, it treats various ailments due to its diverse bioactive compounds (sterols, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids). It demonstrates pharmacological capability: anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antiviral effects. The methanolic extracts of C. cristata flower contains alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrate, saponins, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, and steroids. These bioactive phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts, supports its traditional medicinal use for various ailments. The abundant presence of phytochemicals in C. cristata flowers suggests their potential application in pharmaceutical industries for drug development. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional medicinal use of C. cristata in managing ailments and disorders.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Allelopathy, corn incorporated and mulch residues, less herbicide, weed management, cowpea
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Allelopathic potential of corn residues to manage weeds in cowpea
  • Pages - 31-44
  • I.S. Alsaadawi*, H.M. Malih, N.R. Lahmod1 and A. Khaliq2
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  • View Abstract  Field experiments were carried out at two sites to test the responses of weeds in cowpea crop to soil incorporation and surface mulching of corn residue alone or in combination with 50% rate of trifluralin herbicide. Conventional and zero tillage systems without corn residues, half of label rate and full label rate of trifluralin were included for comparison. Incorporated or mulched corn residues significantly reduced weed density and dry weight compared to conventional tillage treatment (control) at both sites. Residue incorporation and mulching plots in combination with 50% of label rate of trifluralin revealed significantly lower weed numbers and dry weight as compared to their respective controls. Soil incorporation and surface mulching of corn residue in combination with 50% rate of trifluralin achieved similar weed control and cowpea grain yield when compared to the 100% trifluralin treatment. Plots amended with corn residue showed greater levels of phenolics. Also, the periods of maximal suppressive effect against the test weed coincided with periods of maximum phenolic content, indicating the possible involvement of phenolics in weed suppression. Combination of allelopathic residues and a reduced rate of herbicides could reduce herbicide usage in agricultural systems while the weed control is not compromised.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Allelochemical, allelopathy, Amaranthus spinosus, bioherbicide, crops, Durio kutejensis, germination, Oryza sativa L., Ruellia tuberosa L., secondary metabolites, seedling growthy, weeds, Zea mays.
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Allelopathic effects of lai (Durio kutejensis Hassk. Becc) leaf extract, on germination and early growth of weeds and crops
  • Pages - 45-58
  • H. Manurung*, D. Susanto, R. Kusuma1, R. Agung Nugroho1, R. Aryani1 and A. Setiawan
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  • View Abstract  Lai (Durio kutejensis Hassk. Becc) an endemic plant of Kalimantan-Indonesia leaves contain secondary metabolites as allelochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and steroids). We investigated the allelopathic effects of lai leaf extract on the seed germination and early growth of weeds (Ruellia tuberosa L. and Amaranthus spinosus L.) and crops (Oryza sativa L. and Zea mays L.). We conducted two experiments: Germination bioassay and Early growth greenhouse bioassay consisting of 0 (Control), 25, 50 and 75 % leaf extracts. The leaf extracts significantly decreased the germination and early growth of both test weeds and crops: Germination (%) (100 to 26.66 %), shoot length (9.40 to 3.16 cm); germination index (3.30 to 0.36); vigour index (9.40 to 0.84); biomass 1.43 to 0.14 g); and chlorophyll a (0.45 to 0.016 mg/L), b (0.077 to 0.024 mg/L), and total chlorophyll (0.122 to 0.038 mg/L) contents. In contrast, the extract increased the germination time (3.00 to 7.00 h), mortality (0 to 40 %), and phytotoxicity (0 to 2.33 %) of test plants. Higher concentrations of plant extracts were more inhibitory to germination and early growth in all test crops. Therefore, D. kutejensis leaf extract contains a natural compound that can be potentially suitable as an allelopathic-natural herbicide. In future, the results can be used to reduce the use of chemical herbicides in crop production.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Absorbance spectra, allelopathy, azulene, blue pigments, cell surface, chloroplasts, medicinal plants, microspectrophotometry, nuclei, spectral methods.
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Spectral methods for the search of azulene-containing allelopathic and medicinal species
  • Pages - 59-70
  • V.V. Roshchina
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  • View Abstract  The microspectrophotometer/ microspectrofluorimeter was used to find the azulenes on the intact surface of 30 allelopathic and medicinal plant species growing in moderate or drought climatic conditions. Here in the maxima range of 580-620 nm, peculiar to blue pigments (azulenes), were clearly observed. The pigments were found in blue or silver leaves (needles) or plant parts (petioles, flowers and pollen). The peaks 590-610 nm , characteristic to azulenes were also observed in the absorbance spectra of ethanolic 10 min -extracts from the leaf surface, and 24 h - extracts from whole leaves. Among plants studied, the pigments were first observed in 14 terrestrial species (Anthriscus sylvestris, Lolium perenne, Petasites spurius, Phlomis tuberosa, Crambe maritima, Seseli gummiferum, Filipendula ulmaria, Echinocystis lobata , Colutea cilica, Rhus coriaria, Quercus pubescens, Pinus brutia and 2 algae (Chara vulgaris and Spirogyra sp.) use of spectral methods is recommended to search new azulene-containing species for pharmacy, agriculture and ecology.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Acetyl aleuritolic acid, allelopathy, Canarium zeylanicum, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, radish, Raphanus sativus, 13-hydroxy-12-methoxy-8, 11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one, seed germination bioassay.
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Phytotoxicity studies of Canarium zeylanicum Blume on lettuce and radish
  • Pages - 71-84
  • K.G. Nelum. P. Piyasena* and H.R.W. Dharmaratne
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  • View Abstract  We did a preliminary investigation of the allelopathic activity of 60 invasive and medicinal plants in Sri Lanka on Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Raphanus sativus (radish). Out of 60 plants, 14 significantly reduced lettuce seedling lengths than distilled water, and 55 plants reduced radish seedling growth. In consideration of all the parameters tested, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Canarium zeylanicum Blume showed the highest phytotoxicity. C. zeylanicum (family Burseraceae), an endemic plant in Sri Lanka was selected for the isolation of phytotoxic compounds. The whole tree has a distinct fragrance bears edible seeds and has potential health benefits. This plant is used for medicinal purposes and its bark contains 3-hydroxy-12-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and acetyl aleuritolic acid.?This is the first report of the aforementioned two compounds from?C. zeylanicum.?These compounds exhibited phytotoxicity against lettuce.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Fungicidal
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Fungicidal potential of Amaranthus viridis L.
  • Pages - 85-92
  • Sheeba Menon
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  • View Abstract  Weeds reduce the crops yield and quality of produce. We identified biomolecules and quantified the phenolics and flavonoids contents in the Amaranthus viridis L. weed extracts. The antifungal activity of its extracts was determined against Fusarium (F. oxysporum f.sp ciceri, F. oxysporum f. sp. chlamydosporum, F. oxysporum f.sp. pallidoroseum and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum) species. We found that A. viridis bioactive components bioactivity can be used to controls pathogens. Thus, we identified various bioactive components of this weed and studied their activity, and role in activating defence in plants


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Alterneria solani Emblica officinalis, Mangifera indica L, medicinal plants, synergistic effects Tamarindus indica, transition metal ferrocyanides, Vitex negundo
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Synergistic effects of Indian medicinal plants and transition metal complexes on Alterneria solani
  • Pages - 93-102
  • Dipti Bharti*, Abhilekha Sharma1, Brij Kishore Tiwari2 and Rahul Singh
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  • View Abstract  Metal complexes were synthesized and characterized using infra-red spectra, magnetic susceptibility and X-ray diffraction analysis. The combined application of these metal complexes with extracts from medicinal plants (Tamarindus indica, Emblica officinalis, Vitex negundo and Mangifera indica L.) with antimicrobial properties, showed synergistic effect. Comparative analysis revealed that the antimycotic activity of medicinal plant extracts combined with metal complexes was higher than individual metal complexes or plant extracts alone. Notably, cadmium ferrocyanide + E. officinalis extract and nickel ferrocyanide + T. indica extract exhibited highest antimycotic activities, respectively, when integrated with metal hexacyanoferrate (II) compounds against Alternaria solani. These findings showed the enhanced antimicrobial efficacy through synergistic interactions between metal complexes and medicinal plant extracts, highlighting their potential for sustainable disease management.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Allelopathy, Cuscuta campestris , Control, Genetic engineering, Integrated management
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Allelopathy and genetic engineering for management of Cuscuta campestris L.
  • Pages - 103-112
  • Shailja Sharma, Suhail Fayaz1*, Amandeep Kaur and M.H. Reddy
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  • View Abstract  This review consists of life cycle of Cuscuta its impact on main plants and its management techniques. There are various methods (physical, mechanical, chemical and biological) to control the infection of Cuscuta. Furthermore, the Integrated used management IWM of Cuscuta is a superior for productivity of both crops and ecosystems. The IWM has various elements (cultural practices, physical removal, biological control and chemical control). In addition, the impact of allelopathy and the use of genetic engineering stops the proliferation of Cuscuta. The IWM combined with allelopathy and biotechnology can effectively limit the infection of Cuscuta.


September, 2024  Volume (63 - 1)
Allelopathy effects, barley, inhibition, harmala, Hordeum vulgare, Peganum harmala, seed germination, seedlings growth.
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Allelopathic effects of harmala (Peganum harmala L.) seeds on germination and seedlings growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
  • Pages - 113-126
  • F. Al-Mahmudy1, A. Bin-Hameda2 and M.T. Sadder3,*
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic inhibitory effects of harmala (Peganum harmala L.) seeds, seed powder and water extracts on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination and seedling growth. The harmala seeds inhibited the barley germination and seedling growth and also significant effected the on root growth than on shoot growth. Ground harmala seed (0.06-0.72 g) had highly significant inhibitory effects on barley germination, except at the lowest concentrations (0.06 and 0.12 g/dish). Water extracts of harmala seeds concentrations (0.6-7.2 %) inhibited the barley germination and seedling growth by 2.4 %. There were clear inhibitory effects on root elongation and plumule growth. Additionally, the harmala extract caused radicle decay in barley seedlings. In the field, 1 g of ground harmala seeds inhibited the germination and growth of barley seeds and monthly irrigation with 5 g/L inhibited the fresh and dry weight of barley plants. The inhibitory effects were also on spikes and roots, number and weight of seeds. The germination and growth of new seeds were also inhibited. Similarly, adding 5 g of ground harmala seeds significantly affected the fresh and dry weight of barley plants, with leaves, stems and roots were more affected than spikes. Overall, this study provides an explanation for the absence of barley growth in harmala-infested soil.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Botany, Capers, Capparis spinosa L, Chemistry, Herbal plant, Medicinal plant, Pharmacology, Variation
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Allelopathic Medicinal Plants: 3. Capparis spinosa L.
  • Pages - 127-142
  • Elmira Ziya Motalebipour and Akbar Pirestani
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  • View Abstract  The genus Capparis (Capparidaceae) comprises more than 250 species. C. spinosa L. is found in Mediterranean regions (Iran, Turkey, Italy, Algeria and Morocco). It is a medicinal herb due to the presence of several chemical compound in its roots, leaves, buds, fruits and seed. In folk medicine it is used as anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive and antimicrobial, hence, traditionally used in diet. This is overview of botanical, chemical, pharmacological as well as genetic aspects of C. spinosa L. and explains the scientific basis and pharmacological uses.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Herbal remedies, Inflammation, Medicinal Plants, phytoconstituents, Therapeutic Potentials
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Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Plants Anti-Inflammatory Properties
  • Pages - 143-152
  • Bobby Tyagi, Monika, Saumya Das and Swarupanjali Padhi
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  • View Abstract  Inflammation is an essential part of the body's cellular defence, triggered by pathogens, allergens, damaged cells, and toxic compounds. It signals the process of tissue repair and remodelling, typically causing redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Conventional treatments for inflammatory conditions often have significant side effects. Conversely, herbal remedies are safer with fewer adverse effects. Based on traditional Ayurveda, these remedies offer a holistic approach to reduced inflammation. This review examines various phytoconstituents known for their anti-inflammatory properties and evaluates the effectiveness of herbal approaches in managing inflammation and aims to present herbal remedies as viable alternatives to conventional treatments.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Herbal plants, Cynodon dactylon, Ocimum sanctum, Phytochemicals, Quantification
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Quantification of medicinal phytochemicals in Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Ocimum sanctum (L.) plants
  • Pages - 153-160
  • A. Krishnaveni, E. Jamuna, C. Sivakumar and S. Geethanjali
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The herbal plants Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) medicinal plants are in great demand in Ayurveda to cure many common diseases of human beings and animals. These plants exist throughout the year, tolerates water scarcity in summer season and are self-propagating properties (self-seeding of Ocimum and runner propagation of Cynodon plants). We estimated the qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals present in these plants extracts. These plants extracts contained phytochemicals (alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and steroids, saponins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids, carbohydrates and protein) in ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether extracts. Ocimum plant is richest in (12.20 %) alkaloids, whereas it was 4.24 % in Cyanodon plants. Other phytochemicals (steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates and protein) were present in optimum range in both these plants.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Allelopathy medicinal plants, computer vision, Convolutional Neural Network, Leaf Image Pre-processing plants, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Random Forest
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Allelopathic medicinal plants identification using computer vision in Marunthuvazh Malai, Kanyakumari, India
  • Pages - 161-184
  • T. Sahila and A. Radhakrishnan
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Medicinal plants contain medicinal properties in their all-plant parts. There is human vision error for medicinalleaves with lookalike leaves, hence, computer vision is required. We examined the 9-medicinal plants leaves native to the Marunthuvalzh malai hills (Kanyakumari district) Western Ghats. for their medicinal value using image processing. For this we look two datasets, (i).dataset (1215 images) and (ii).Validation dataset (655 images). Various machine learning techniques used here produced very encouraging findings of this algorithm for use in medicinal plants system. A random forest algorithm, which is an ensemble feature extraction approach based on color, texture, and geometrical elements, was utilized in the research to develop a method for determining the correct species of medicinal plant. The proposed convolution neural network achieved a high-test accuracy 0.9975, precision 1.0, recall 0.9948 and F1score is 0.9974. In future, this study could be expanded to include large number of plant species with high level of precision.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Allelopathic potential, Little millet, Panicum sumatrense, Secondary metabolites, Trees Leaf extracts, weed control efficiency, Weed index
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Allelopathic effects of trees leaf extracts on weeds in little millet (Panicum sumatrense L.)
  • Pages - 185-196
  • Pidimi Amrutha Varshini, P. Murali Arthanari1 and R Arockia Infant Paul
  • View 
  • View Abstract  A field experiment was done with little millet variety ‘Samai ATL-1’ and treated with 6-leaf extracts and 1 flower extracts [(Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifoliaL.), Castor (Ricinus communis L.), Papaya (Carica papaya L.), Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)], Teak (Tectona grandis L.) and Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) flowers)] of 30 % concentration. The highest weed control efficiency and lowest weed index was recorded in Teak leaf of 30 % (52 % and 10 %) followed by Castor leaf extract 30 % (52 % and 12 %) and Papaya leaf extract 30 % (50 % and 14 %) at 60 DAS. The soil microbial population did not show any harmful effects of leaf extracts. The pre-emergence application of 30 % teak leaf extract considerably reduced the weed density and weed dry weight below the economic threshold level. Secondary metabolites inhibiting the weeds were identified through Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which identified significant compounds such as Gallic acid and Diethyl phthalate in teak, Ricinine and l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate in castor, and Vannilic acid and Squalene in papaya. These compounds may be associated with the observed decrease in the dry weight of weeds.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Crop Growth, Echinochloa frumentacea, Eleusine coracana, Extract, Germination, Glycine max, In-vitro Bioassay, Pot Culture, Rhododendron arboreum Species Interaction, Vigna umbellata
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Influence of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. leaf and bark aqueous extract on germination and growth of Eleusine coracana L., Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Glycine max L. and Vigna umbellata Thunb.
  • Pages - 197-210
  • Kuldeep Rana, C. S. Dhanai1 and Ankita Negi
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This study determined the allelopathic potential of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. on the germination and growth of 4- crops (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi) of Garhwal Himalaya. Both in-vitro and pot culture bioassays were conducted to evaluate the impact of leaf and bark aqueous extracts (2 %, 5 % and 10 %) on germination (%), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), and root and shoot growth of test crops. The crop species had significant and variable impacts on germination and growth parameters in both in-vitro and pot-culture bioassays. In contrast, extract types greatly influenced these parameters under in-vitro conditions than in pot culture. Under in-vitro conditions, leaf extracts significantly inhibited the germination and seedling development of Eleusine coracana and Glycine max, with reductions in radicle and plumule length. Bark extracts exhibited both inhibitory as well as stimulatory effect on germination and growth. In pot culture, both extract types elicited variable germination responses in all crops. Stimulatory effects on root and shoot growth were observed in V. umbellata and E. frumentacea.E. coracana showed inhibition in shoot growth but stimulation in root growth, while in G. max root and shoot development was inhibited. The allelopathic effects of R. arboreum extracts both inhibited and stimulated crop growth depending on extract concentration and crop type. R. arboreum longer-term interactions enhanced the growth of V. umbellata and E. frumentacea. Further research is needed to identify the specific allelochemicals involved and their mechanisms of action and to explore the broader ecological and agricultural implications of these interactions.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Allelopathy, clodinafop propargyl, metsulfuron methyl, mulch, Phalaris minor, rice aqueous solution, Rumex denticulate, straw, weed density, weed index
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Allelopathic effects of rice straw and herbicides on weed control in wheat
  • Pages - 211-222
  • Sadhana Kumari, T.K. Yadav1 and Durgesh Kumar
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of mulch and aqueous extracts of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and on growth of 8-weeds: Phalaris minor L., Cynodon dactylon L., Chenopodium album L., Rumex denticulate L., Anagalis arvensis L., Melilotus spp L., Parthenium hysterophorus L. and Cyperus rotundus (L.) was analyzed. Rice straw mulch at 4.0 t/ha and rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray significantly reduced these weeds density (Number/m2) (54, 55, 66, 79, 85, 73, 54 and 39 during 2020-21) respectively, than control. Rice straw mulch 4 t/ha followed by (metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i./ha + clodinafop propargyl 60 g a.i./ha) and clodinafop propargyl 75 % of 60 g a.i./ha + rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray significantly reduced the density of test weeds. Density of grass weeds decreased in zero-till, but broad leaved weeds decreases in conventional tillage. Wheat growth (dry matter accumulation: g/plant), number of tillers per m, leaf area index (LAI) and yield) significantly increased by rice straw mulch at 4 t/ha followed by rice aqueous solution (10 g/L) spray than control.


November, 2024  Volume (63 - 2)
Ageratum conyzoides, Allelochemicals, Allelopathy, Antifungal, Bell pepper, Blight management, Capsicum annuum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytophthora capsici. weed plants
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Antifungal potential of allelopathic plant extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. on Phytophthora blight of Capsicum annuum L.
  • Pages - 223-238
  • Rajeev Kumar, Jay Prakash Singh, Meenakshi Rana and Seweta Srivastava
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    We studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of two weed species viz., Ageratum conyzoides L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. on seed germination and early seedling growth of bell pepper plants infected by Phytophthora capsici. The parameters studied were: Percent disease index (PDI), seed germination, seedling fresh weight and seedling height of bell pepper. The inhibition (%) of different aqueous extracts of both donor weed plants ranged from 74.82 % to 91.16 %. Of all 4-aqueous extracts, ethanolic extract of leaves showed the best antifungal effects. The GC-MS analysis revealed that these extracts had anti-fungal properties due to the presence of distinct groups of active compounds, suggesting their applied role in disease management. These allelochemicals can be potential tool to manage important plant diseases and replace synthetic fungicides for crop disease management.


January, 2023  Volume (58 - 1)
Alkaloids, allelochemicals, allelopathy, aquatic ecosystems, environmental stresses, flavonoids, leaching, microorganisms, modes of action, natural ecosystems, natural products, phenolic acids, plants, root exudation, terpenoids, volatilization.
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Allelopathy Research: Past, Present and Future-I. Allelopathy in Natural Ecosystems
  • Pages - 22-Jan
  • Chang-Hung Chou and Chao-Min Wang
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  • View Abstract 

    This essay aimed to describe the allelopathy researches in the past, present and future, dealing with the allelopathy in natural and managed ecosystems. The unique allelopathic patterns of chaparral, coniferous forests, fern vegetations, tropical and subtropical vegetations from forests to grassland communities and introduced and invasive species are presented. The aforementioned species exhibit unique inhibitory effects on the growth of the adjacent plants or understory species. The allelopathy plays an important role in vegetation dominance and succession. The potential of allelochemicals are often modified by environmental stresses (soil pH, drought, nutrients deficiency, light etc.) and physiological or biochemical interactions. The allelopathic interactions among the aquatic organisms, such as algae, seaweeds and coral are also presented. Of which, the formation of algae red-bloom and the effects of global climatic change on ocean acidification to marine organisms is also presented. The modes of action allelochemicals on the structure and function of plants via physiological, molecular interactions are expressed. The allelochemicals cover very broad aspects of chemical interactions among organisms, thus, the fundamental studies of natural products from organisms need trainings of multidisciplinary sciences. The authors create a new scientific term called “Allelochemicology”, which hopefully, inspires young scientists in life sciences to explore this field to solve the most difficult tasks in Ecology, Sustainable Agriculture, Pharmaceutical and Medicine that can be beneficial to human welfare in reaching the Sustainable Development Goals.


January, 2023  Volume (58 - 1)
Ageratum conyzoides, allelopathy, Amaranthus spinosus, bioherbicide, precocene I, secondary metabolites, weed management
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Potential of secondary metabolites of Ageratum conyzoides L. in weed management : A review
  • Pages - 23-40
  • G. Erida, C.N.Ichsan, Syamsuddin, T. Kurniawan, Iqra H. Khan and A. Javaid
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Ageratum conyzoides L. (family- Asteraceae), called billygoat, is an annual aromatic plant. It is an invasive weed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites with many biological activities [antibacterial, antifungal, anti-insecticidal and herbicidal]. This review describes the taxonomy, description, botanical characteristics, future research lines and the herbicidal potential of its secondary metabolites for weeds management based on literature from 1999-2021. Its herbicidal potential varies with extract sources, solvent types, phytochemical test methods, target weed species and plant interferences. Based on the review, A. conyzoides extract and its constituents may act as a promising biosource for formulations of effective bio-herbicides.


January, 2023  Volume (58 - 1)
Aphids, Canadian goldenrod, E.O., essential oil composition, grasslands, invaded, repellent activity, Solidago canadensis L.
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Composition and repellency of Solidago canadensis L. (Canadian goldenrod) essential oil against aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
  • Pages - 41-52
  • B. Baranová, D. Grulová, K. Szymczak, J.Obona and K. Mošcáková
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We determined the composition of essential oils from stems, leaves and inflorescences of invasive weed Solidago canadensis L. (Canadian goldenrod) and their repellent activity against aphids in laboratory. To our very best knowledge, this is the first such preliminary testing. In the field research, we evaluated the abundance of aphids within the grasslands invaded and uninvaded by S. canadensis L. The Spathulenol was detected as the major component in the inflorescences essential oils (EOs) (13.57 %), cyclocolorenone dominated EOs from stems and leaves (30.7 % and 11.9 % respectively). The repellent activity of C. goldenrod essential oils of separated plant organs against aphids responded repellency class I. (leaves) and II. (stems, inflorescences). Simultaneously, the abundance of Aphididae family representatives was lower in the invaded grasslands. Goldenrod EO composition as well as its repelent activity was variable depending on plant organs, locality of plant material origin and EO contents. Although S. canadensis L. essential oil had moderate repellent activity against aphids, we suppose, that volatile essential oils produced by invasive C. goldenrod could make the differences in aphids abundance between invaded and uninvaded grasslands, and also other aboveground, plant associated invertebrates groups.


January, 2023  Volume (58 - 1)
Autotoxins, Bacillus spp., community structure, cucumber, Cucumis sativus, Fusarium spp., monocropping, p-coumaric acid, PCR-DGGE, rhizosphere
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Responses of cucumber rhizosphere communities of Fusarium and Bacillus spp. to exogenously applied p-Coumaric acid
  • Pages - 53-60
  • Jia Wang, Jian Wang, Hui Liu, Dinghong Zhang, Junbo Wang and Xingang Zhou
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In monocropping systems autotoxins, such as phenolic compounds, could accumulate in soil and affects the soil microbial communities, however, the specific effects on microbial species are unknown. We determined the responses of cucumber rhizosphere Fusarium and Bacillus spp. communities to exogenously applied p-coumaric acid (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 µmol/g soil) by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique. Results showed that all concentrations of p-coumaric acid changed the community structure of Fusarium spp. and p-coumaric acid at 0.2 µmol/g soil decreased the number of bands as indicated by Shannon-Wiener and evenness index of Fusarium spp. community. However, p-coumaric acid did not affect the structure of Bacillus spp. community. These results indicated that the p-coumaric acid showed different effects on Fusarium and Bacillus spp. communities.


January, 2023  Volume (58 - 1)
Antifungal activity, Chenopodium quinoa, chloroform fraction, GC-MS, Macrophomina phaseolina, n-butanol fraction, phytochemicals, Quinoa, root extract.
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Antifungal potential of Chenopodium quinoa root extract against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
  • Pages - 61-72
  • Iqra Haider Khan and Arshad Javaid*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a newly introduced crop in Pakistan. We evaluated the antifungal efficacy of root extracts of 4-quinoa varieties (PI 596293, Ames 13730, Ames 13737 and PI 634919) against the most harmful soil inhabiting fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Methanolic root extracts (1 to 5 %) of these varieties reduced the fungal biomass by 33-70 %. Due to its higher antifungal activity, Ames 13737 variety was selected for further studies and fractionated with 4-organic solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) based on their increased polarities. All concentrations of chloroform and the lowest concentration of n-butanol (1.562 mg mL-1) completely inhibited the pathogen growth. These fractions were further subjected to GC-MS analysis that revealed the presence of 7-antifungal phytoconstituents (decane; undecane; oleic acid; benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl; cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-; cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- and 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester). This study concluded that chloroform and n-butanol fractions of root extract of quinoa possess strong antifungal potential against M. phaseolina.


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