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Showing 1553 articles

July, 2021  Volume (53 - 2)
Age, Aluminum forms, chelation, Eucalyptus, generations, phenolic acids, pure plantation, rhizospheres oil, seedling height, soil pH, stem diameter
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Changes in phenolic acids and aluminum forms in rhizosphere soil of Eucalyptus plantations of different ages
  • Pages - 243-258
  • Zhu Zeng, Mei Yang, Dongqiang Guo, Shinan Liu and Shaoming Ye
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  • View Abstract  This study analyzed the changes in rhizosphere soil pH, the contents of phenolic acids and aluminum (Al) forms in 0-20 cm and 20- 40 cm deep soil layers of Eucalyptus grandis Ă— E. urophylla pure plantations with different planting years, including first generation of 2-years plantation, first generation of 5-years plantation and second generation of 2-years plantation. We also analyzed the effects of applied exogenous phenolic acids concentrations on the height and stem diameter of Eucalyptus grandis Ă— E. urophylla seedlings in pot experiment. The results showed that rhizosphere soil pH was decreased with the increase of planting years and no significant differences were found between the two soil layers in the same plantations. The content of monomer hydroxyl Al was very low in the rhizosphere soils, but with increase in soil acidity, the active Al forms such as soluble Al and exchangeable Al elevated. The amount of four phenolic acids decreased with the increase of soil depth in three plantations. The contents of vanillic acid, benzoic acid and ferulic acid were highest in topsoil of the first generation of 5-years plantation, which was similar to organic complex Al. Instead, the content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid increased with the extension of planting years, performing the similar changing trends in the soluble and exchangeable Al contents. When phenolic acids concentration was less than 7.5 mg/g soil, the seedling height of Eucalyptus grandis Ă— E. urophylla was not inhibited; when phenolic acids concentration was less than 5 mg/g, the stem diameter was not affected. These results, help in speculating that the dissolution and chelation of phenolic acids on Al ions may be a reason behind the decreased Al toxicity in acidic soil to regulate the plant growth.


July, 2021  Volume (53 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Allelopathy research, bioactive, bactericides, Cannabis Sativa, components, current status, fungicide, ecofriendly herbicides, hemp, insecticidal.
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Allelopathic Research on Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.): Current Status
  • Pages - 259-272
  • S.A. Zhang, C.Y. Feng, L. Feng, S.F. Wang, X. Zhang, Q.F. Wang, K.M. Zhang, L.K. Fan, and Y.Y. Wang
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  • View Abstract  This paper reviews, the allelopathic research status of hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.), and its insecticidal, herbicidal and bactericidal activities. There are numerous active chemical components (mainly secondary metabolites) and their derivatives possessing special effects in hemp plants. These belong from various chemical classes: cannabinoids, flavonoids, stilbenoids, terpenoids, lignans and alkaloids etc. and their derivatives, many of these have strong allelopathic effect on crops, weeds and microorganisms. Its herbicidal allelopathic compounds (e.g., stilbenoids, terpenoids, lignans and alkaloids etc.) may be developed as ecofriendly herbicides to reduce reliance on synthetic herbicides.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Autofluorescence, Eucalyptus cinerea, Eucalyptus viminalis, flavonoids, laser-scanning confocal microscopy, luminescence microscopy, phenols, secretory cells.
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Autofluorescence of secretory cells in allelopathic Eucalyptus species studied by luminescence and confocal microscopy
  • Pages - 12-Jan
  • Victoria V. Roshchina and Andrei V. Kuchin
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  • View Abstract 

    Autofluorescence of leaf glandular structures of important allelopathic and medicinal trees manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis Labill). and silver dollar (Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex. Benth) were studied using luminescence and confocal microscopy. The emission depended on the wavelength of excitation and differed in the species. Glands of both test species fluoresced weakly in ultraviolet or violet light. Excitation of blue light (450-490 nm) induced green emission from yellow glandular cells of E. cinerea, which appears to be due to some flavonoids present in Eucalyptus oil. Use of laser-scanning confocal microscopy made it possible to see the structure of glands and their connection with oil ducts in both test species. In the fluorescence spectra recorded for glands of both species, we found one characteristic maxima in range of 535-540 nm, peculiar to some flavonoids. Hence, both these fluorescent methods were recommended for analysis of intact Eucalyptus secretory cell in allelopathic and pharmaceutical studies.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Allelochemical, bentgrass, bioassay guided isolation, cucumber, duckweed, lettuce, mosquito, permethrin, phytotoxins, Salvia, tanshinone.
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Bioassay-guided isolation of phytotoxins from three Salvia species
  • Pages - 13-24
  • Claudia T.A. da Cruz-Silva, Charles L. Cantrell, Lucia H.P. NĂłbrega, Abbas Ali and Stephen O. Duke
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  • View Abstract  This study aimed to test the phytotoxicity of plant parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, S. hispanica L. and S. columbariae Benth. Roots and shoots were fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol and the fractions were tested on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifiera L.). The hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of S. miltiorrhiza were sufficiently phytotoxic for further bioassay-guided fractionation. The abietane diterpenes tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA were the main phytotoxins found in the fractions. They inhibited growth of duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. 6746) by 50 % at 113 and 140 µM concentrations, respectively. This level of phytotoxicity was similar to that of some commercial herbicides in this bioassay. Neither compound was toxic to mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) at 125 ppm (ca. 0.435 mM). Although these compounds are red pigments reported to be weak photosensitizers, a cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledon assay indicated that this is not their phytotoxic mode of action.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, fatty acids, herbicidal activity, itchgrass, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, Rottboellia cochinchinensis.
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Fatty acids from itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) and their herbicidal activity
  • Pages - 25-36
  • A. Bundit, K. Yamada, H. Shigemori and T. Pornprom
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  • View Abstract  There is increasing attention towards phytotoxic substances from plants as they offer an alternative biological approach to control weeds. Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton) is used as mulching material for weed control in vegetable fields and is suspected to release allelochemicals. Thus, we conducted this research to find the phytotoxic compounds from itchgrass shoot. Their phytotoxic activities were assayed in-vitro on the shoot and root growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Two active substances were isolated from n-hexane crude extracts of itchgrass shoots and identified as linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) and linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid) by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. In addition, the average individual inhibition from each concentrations of two active compounds inhibited shoot growth of lettuce seedlings by 16.7 % and 38.8 % and root growth by 34.1 % and 58.8 %, respectively. These results indicated that the two phytotoxic compounds: linoleic acid and linolenic acid may contribute to the phytotoxic activity of itchgrass.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Hydrolyzed amino acids, tea leaves, tea plantations, tea quality, tea varieties, Wuyi Rock Tea.
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Variability in hydrolyzed amino acids contents in fresh leaves of Wuyi Rock Tea from different regions of China
  • Pages - 37-46
  • G.Y. Liu
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  • View Abstract  Amino acids contained in leaves of Wuyi Rock Tea were determined by acid hydrolysis. Leaves of Dahongpao, Shuixian and Rougui tea varieties were selected from (i). Authentic Rock Tea region (Yu tea plantation), (ii). Semi-authentic Rock Tea region (Guiyan tea plantation) and (iii). continent tea region (Qishan tea plantation). The results showed that 11 of the 17 hydrolyzed amino acids were identified, their contents significantly differed among these 3-plantations of the same tea variety. The number of amino acids differed significantly and in Dahongpao, Shuixian and Rougui varieties these were 74 %, 70 %, 65 %, respectively. The principal component analysis showed that fresh tea leaves from Yu, Guiyan and Qishan tea plantations also varied in contents of leucine, asparagine, glutamate and arginine. In the 3-plantations, the contents of leucine, asparagine, lysine, glutamate and arginine differed in 3-tea varieties (Dahongpao, Shuixian, Rougui). This study showed the regional and inter-variety differences in the contents of hydrolyzed amino acids of Wuyi Rock Tea, which provided basis for tea quality.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Rhododendron delavayi Franch, Glycolic acid, Allelopathy, Photosynthesis, Organic acid, Plant electrophysiology.
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Physiological responses of Rhododendron delavayi Franch seedlings to glycolic acid
  • Pages - 47-60
  • Y.N. Pan, C.C. Li, J.T. Hao, Y.D. Gao and W.X. Quan
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  • View Abstract  Plant allelopathy often hinders natural regeneration of forest communities. In this study, a pot experiment with Rhododendron delavayi Franch seedlings was conducted to investigate the stomata, photosynthetic, and electrophysiological characteristics of the Rhododendron leaves and the organic acid contents and types of the roots, stems and leaves of the seedlings. The allelopathy of the Rhododendron delavayi Franch seedlings treated with different concentrations of glycolic acid [0(CK), 5%, 10%, and 20%] was analyzed. The results showed that the stomata density of Rhododendron delavayi Franch was significantly higher in the 5% and 10% glycolic acid treatments than the control, and the stomata were closed in the 10% glycolic acid treatment. Glycolic acid affected the stomata closure of the Rhododendron delavayi Franch leaves, reduced the photosynthetic rate, and disrupted the electrophysiological responses. As a result, the organic acid content was changed in different parts of the seedlings, affecting their growth and development, and eventually causing death. Glycolic acid has a toxic effect on Rhododendron delavayi Franch communities and may be a factor affecting the growth and regeneration of seedlings in the Rhododendron community.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Alchornea laxiflora, allelochemicals, aqueous, bio-herbicides, enzymes, extract, leaves, seeds germination, seedlings growth, quercetin, rutin, Solanum lycopersicum, solvent, tomato, toxicity
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Allelopathic effects of Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K Hoffm. leaves on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato
  • Pages - 61-72
  • S.O. Osineye, H.O.B. Oloyede and T.O. Uthman
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  • View Abstract  We investigated in petri plates bioassay and pot culture the allelopathic effects of Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K Hoffm. on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Tomato seeds were grown in soil in pots watered with 0.02 %, 0.04 % and 0.08 % of aqueous leaf extracts of Alchornea laxiflora and atrazine. For the control, only water was used. Subsequently, effects of n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of extract were tested on germination and growth of tomato seeds in laboratory assays. Increasing concentration of extracts significantly reduced the seed germination and growth of tomato seedlings. The effects of applied extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes but increased lipid peroxidation in tomato plants. The effects of ethyl acetate fraction were similar to control (water). These results showed that Alchornea laxiflora ethyl acetate fraction eluents C and D were identified as rutin and quercetrin, these compounds inhibited the germination and seedling growth of tomato. Hence, these compounds may be developed as herbicides to control weeds.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Amendment, Brassica juncea, ecological management, Meloidogyne graminicola, mustard, nematode, Oryza sativa, puddling, rice root knot nematode, rice nursery.
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Allelopathic effects of mustard cake to control root knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Birchfield 1965) in rice
  • Pages - 73-80
  • N.K. Dhillon, B.S. Dhillon and Anupam
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  • View Abstract  Meloidogyne graminicola, rice root knot nematode (RRKN) is major constraint for rice production. We used different doses of Mustard (Brassica juncea) cake with allellopathic properties, to control the Meloidogyne graminicola in nursery beds of rice. We found that application of Brassica juncea mustard cake @40kg/ha, 10-days before sowing of rice nursery in seed beds successfully suppressed the nematode infestations in soil and roots of rice seedlings. Besides, the integrated applications of mustard cake with soil puddling in field also reduced the nematode population in soil.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Panax ginseng, origin, species, morphological characteristics, cultivation history, ginseng industry, planting pattern, cultivation
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Ginseng: History, Cultivation, Industry and Future Prospects
  • Pages - 81-94
  • Y. Zhan, H.Z. Xie, N. Yan, Q. Li and T. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  This paper summarized the Ginseng origin, species, morphological characteristics, cultivation history and industrial status. Three main planting patterns of cultivated ginseng [(i). Forest and (ii). Farmland and (iii). Flat land planted] were compared. Factors restricting ginseng’s production were discussed. The important roles of regulating ginseng planting, developing deep processing and strengthening scientific and technological support in ginseng cultivation and industrial development were discussed. This study laid a foundation for further study to improve the ginseng yield and quality worldwide.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Continuous cropping soil, growth, NPK content, obstacle effect, Panax notoginseng, pot culture, saponin content, yield
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Effects of continuous cropping on Panax notoginseng growth, yield and saponins content
  • Pages - 95-106
  • Y.P. Zheng, J.W. Xiang, Y.M. Liu, K.M. Zhang, G. Liu and Z.L. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the effects of soils with different continuous cropping years on P. notoginseng seedlings growth in indoor pot experiment. The results showed that with the increase of soil continuous cropping years, the growth-related indices of P. notoginseng seedlings were poor. Compared with the P. notoginseng grown on new soil, the growth indices of plants grown on 1-year continuous cropping soil had not different. However, the dry matter and total saponin content were significantly higher. In general, the continuous cropping problem effect of P. notoginseng is gradual, short-term continuous cropping (1-year) had no obstacle effect. This research aimed to study the performance of P. notoginseng planted on continuous cropping soils, which provides a reference for the further research on other similar medicinal crops facing the continuous cropping problems.


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Allelopathy, autotoxicity, biological control, infection diseases, microorganisms, non-infection diseases, Panax ginseng, pathogenic bacteria, reductive soil disinfestation, research progress, soil deteriorating, soil sickness.
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Potential causes and recovery of soil sickness from the Panax ginseng cultivation
  • Pages - 105-120
  • Q. Li, Y. Zhan, H.Z. Xie, N. Yan, E.P. Wang and C.B. Chen
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The paper reviews and discusses the main pathogenic factors causing the ginseng soil sickness (soil deterioration, allelopathic autotoxicity, microbial change).


September, 2021  Volume (54 - 1)
Chemical compositions, growing areas, Panax notoginseng, quality, saponins, variance analysis
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Chemical components analysis of the Panax notoginseng for quality from different growing areas in China
  • Pages - 123-140
  • Y.D. Huang, Y.H. Tao, J.X. Cheng, Y. Shi, K.M. Zhang, Z.H. Gao, G. Liu, Y.L. Yang, X.Y. Pang and Z.L. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  We collected P. notoginseng samples from 16-sites of traditional and new growing areas. These were analyzed for pharmacopoeial indicators (water, extract and 3-saponins specified in pharmacopoeia) and pharmacologically active components (5-saponins, total flavonoids [TF], total polysaccharides [TP] and dencichine) by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). According to the results, performed by Partial Least Squares-Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA), heat maps and cluster analysis, the water content, extract content and saponins of P. notoginseng from these 16-growing areas meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (ChP 2020). From the perspective of chemical composition, the quality of P. notoginseng samples from 16-sites was evaluated. The quality of P. notoginseng from Wenshan City and Malipo County in Yunnan Province was the best, while, it was poorest from the Sichuan Province. We evaluated the quality of P. notoginseng from various growing areas based on the chemical constituents to provide scientific to its quality for future research and development of its products.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Above ground, below ground, biochemical properties, field study, Glycine max, interactions, intercropping, LER, Land equivalent ratio, maize, phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA, pot culture, root separation, soil chemical properties, soil nutrient, soil enzymes, soil microbial community, soybean, Zea mays.
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Effects of Maize/soybean intercropping on soil microbial community and biochemical properties
  • Pages - 141-156
  • Q.S. Li, X.L. Jia, J.H. Ye, J.J. Li, X.M. Luo and W.X. Lin
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  • View Abstract  In Field and Pot culture studies, maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were intercropped in 3-belowground roots interactions patterns (NS : no roots separation, HS : half roots separation with nylon net and Control: complete roots separation with plastic film). The effects of these roots separation treatments were studied on crop yields, rhizosphere microbial community composition and the relationship between soil microbial community and soil chemical properties. In 2- years field experiment, land equivalent ratio followed the order HS > NS > Control > 1. In belowground interactions, soil soluble substances interactions increased the intercrops yields (10.24 % and 10.63 % in 2018 and 2019, respectively). While in aboveground interactions the shoots interactions increased the intercrops yield (6.12 % and 2.04 % in 2018 and 2019, respectively), while, root interactions decreased the yield.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Allelopathy, inhibition, intercropping, maize, Panicum miliaceum, Proso millet, residues, seed germination, seedling growth, Zea mays
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Allelopathic effects of Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L) extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of Proso millet and maize
  • Pages - 157-168
  • Abdalla. I.A. Ahmed and F.J. Hou
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  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic effects of different concentrations of shoot, root and biomass (shoot + root) extracts of pure and intercropped Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L., var. Mizao 52) on seed germination and seedling growth of maize (Zea mays var. Jinkkai No.3), and Proso millet in greenhouse experiment. The millet residue extracts decreased the seed germination and seedlings growth (radicle length and plumule length) of test crops than control. The shoot, root, and biomass residue extract of proso millet inhibited the seed germination and seedlings' growth of the recipient crops. Therefore, sowing maize and millet on fields after previous proso millet should be avoided.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Characterization, evaluation, growth, IAA, microorganisms, nitrogen, nutrients, pea, PGPR, phosphorus, Pisum sativum, pot culture, rhizoplane, rhizosphere, VOC
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Effects of PGPR on phosphorus solubility in soil and on growth of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
  • Pages - 169-182
  • A. Waheed, Zhang Daoyuan, H. Gulab, M.A. Haleem, S. Ali, M. Ahmad, J. Chen and M.L. Yu
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  • View Abstract  We isolated 158 PGPR strains from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of pea (Pisum sativum) plant and were characterized. Out of these, 7-test PGPR strains were selected for further studies, based on effects on growth, their capability to produce siderophores, phytohormone, nitrogenase activity and P-solubilization, respectively. These selected test PGPR produced a significant quantity of soluble phosphate (55-103 µg ml-1), IAA (71.22- 91.21µg mL-1) and all produced siderophores. Phytohormone (IAA) production by PGPR was measured by Electro-Spectrophotometer. The efficiency of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was measured in Pikovskaya broth medium. VOC emission analysis by SPME-GC-MS, showed that aldehydes, ketones and alcohols were the most abundant compounds in most rhizobacteria. Furthermore, biofertilizer was prepared from inoculation of these microorganisms and studied their effects in pot experiment on peas. All the inoculants showed positive effects on the growth and development of peas.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic effects, Amygdalus scoparia, aqueous extracts, Atriplex canescens, forbs, germination indices, grasses, secondary metabolites, seed bank
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Autotoxicity of Amygdalus scoparia Spach and Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. on soil seed bank in Iranian arid lands
  • Pages - 183-198
  • E. Jahantab, H. Yazdanshenas, N. Taheri, Y. Wang and Qinghua Zhao
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  • View Abstract  We explored the inhibitory effects of Amygdalus scoparia Spach and Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) Nutt. organs on the soil seed bank dynamics in semi-arid areas. Ex-situ experiments were done using aqueous extracts [0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 g.L-1] of shoot, leaf and seed coat on germination indices of test grasses (Stipa barbata, Bromus tectrrom, Hordeum leporinum) and forbs (Stachys inflata and Alyssum desertorum). In-situ experiment was also done based on soil seed bank germination indices at different distances from the plant stands. Both species extracts significantly influenced the seed germination, speed of germination and vigour index. The seed coat aqueous extracts at 100 g.L-1 concentration was most inhibitory. Also, auto-inhibitory effects were lower than their inhibitory effects on neighboring plants species. In aqueous extracts of A. canescens, 4- allelochemicals identified were: Benzenecarbothioic acid, benzene, azidomethyl and 1-Hexanol, while, extracts of A. scoparia contained only two allelochemicals: Heptane and coumarin. The field survey showed that seeds in plant's rhizosphere had the lowest seed germination and vigour and these increased significantly with increasing distance from plants stand (R2=0.99). The seed coat aqueous extracts of both donor species decreased the germination indices of forbs.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Antioxidative activity, antioxidative enzyme, allelopathic effect, aqueous leachate, GC-MS, Lumnitzera littorea, Sonneratia caseolaris.
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Allelopathic effects of leachates of Lumnitzera littorea fruits on germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of native mangrove species Sonneratia caseolaris
  • Pages - 199-210
  • Yan-hua Li, Ying Zhang, Yong Yang, Shi-jie Zhang and Xiang Jin
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  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic effects of Lumnitzera littorea fruits leachates (0.1 g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.4 g/ml) on the seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidant enzymes of Sonneratia caseolaris. The fruit extract leachates of L. littorea at 0.4 g/ml concentration reduced the seed germination index, seedlings hypocotyl and root length of S. caseolaris. These fruits leachates increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in S. caseolaris seedlings. Peroxidase (POD) in S. caseolaris was improved at the lower leachate concentrations than control but was inhibited at highest concentration (0.4 g/mL) of L. littorea fruit leachates. The MDA contents increased with the increasing leachate concentrations, while, the proline content decreased at the lower concentrations but increased at higher concentrations. The GC-MS analysis of L. littorea fruits leachate extracted in ethyl ether revealed that allelopathic Methyl hexadecanoate and tetratriacontane were found in the highest concentration. Our findings indicated that allelochemicals in the L. littorea fruits may inhibit the seed germination and growth of S. caseolaris.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus spinosus, billygoat weed, ethyl acetate, extract, growth, herbicidal, neophytadiene, precocene II.
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Herbicidal effects of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of billygoat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) leaveson Amaranthus spinosus L. growth
  • Pages - 211-220
  • G. Erida, N. Saidi, Hasanuddin, Syafruddin, D.A. Sampietro and N. Amist
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The herbicidal activity of Ageratum conyzoides L. extracts was evaluated on the weed Amaranthus spinosus L. The leaves of A. conyzoides were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. In pot culture, these extracts were applied to A. spinosus plants at concentrations of 5 % - 20 %. Positive and negative controls were 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) applied at 0.686 kg a.i.ha-1 and distilled water. The A. conyzoides extracts had variable effects on leaf area, and shoot and root dry weight and weed control (%) of A. spinosus. The ethyl acetate extract was most inhibitory than n-hexane extract, while the methanol extract had no effect. Twenty one days after application, the applied ethyl acetate extract at 20 % concentration completely controlled the A. spinosus similar to 2,4-D. Main constituents identified by GC-MS in ethyl acetate extract were: 1,8-cineole (3.90 %), caryophyllene (25.47 %), precocene II (59.22 %), and 2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (5 %). In n-hexane extract were: precocene II (16.63 %), neophytadiene (14.94 %), phytol (8.24 %), and a-Methyl linolenate (14.13 %) and in the methanol extract were: 1,8-cineole (3.78 %), precocene II (9.16 %), neophytadiene (20.6 %), phytol (14.12 %) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (9.36 %). The ethyl acetate extract proved promising to control the weed A. spinosus.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Camellia sinensis, nitrogen, organic matter, potassium, soil characteristic, soil enzyme, tea growing areas, tea growth, tea quality.
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Effects of soil enzymes and soil characteristics in different growing zones on growth and quality of Wuyi rock tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
  • Pages - 221-234
  • Ye, J.H., Chen, F.Y., Liu, G.Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, X.N., Hu, W.W., Wang, P., Lei, W.X., Wang, H.B., Jia, X.L.and He, H.B.
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We analysed the soil characteristics, growth and quality indices of Wuyi rock tea (Rougui) in 3-growing areas (Yu, Guiyan, Qishan). The results showed that the available K and organic matter of tea soil in Qishan plantation were lower than soil fertility class I. The activity of most soil enzymes was Yu > Guiyan > Qishan. The growth indices of tea plant was Qishan > Guiyan Ëś Yu. The quality indices of fresh leaves were Yu > Guiyan > Qishan. Nitrogen was negatively correlated, whereas, K and organic matter were positively correlated with most soil enzymes. The growth indices of tea plant were positively correlated with N and catalase, but they were negatively correlated with K and organic matter and most soil enzymes. The quality indices of fresh leaves were negatively correlated with N and catalase, however, they were positively correlated with K and organic matter and most soil enzymes. There was negative co-relationship between the growth indices and the quality indices of fresh leaves. In brief, in Qishan soil on the one hand higher N facilitated the growth of Rougui tea leaves, but the deficiency of K and organic matter lowered the quality of Rougui tea leaves. The results suggested that to improve the quality of tea leaves in Qishan plantation, nitrogen content need to be reduced and the K and organic matter need to be increased in soil.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Allelochemicals, bacteria, continuous cropping obstacles, forest soil, fungi, ginsenoside, high-throughput sequencing, Panax ginseng, soil microbial community
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Effects of ginseng cultivation on rhizosphere soil microecological environment
  • Pages - 235-252
  • C.X. Yang, S.H. Luo, J. Wang, J.J. Zhu, H.L. Chen, Y.F. Zhou and X.S. Zhao
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This research aimed to determine the allelopathic effects of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer mediated via ginsenosides on rhizosphere soil microbial community. We analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology, the soil microbial community structure and diversity of forest soil and ginseng rhizosphere soils cultivated with P. ginseng for 4, 5 and 6 years. In soil samples, the contents of ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Re, G-VXII and F2 were determined using UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that compared with forest soil control, the community structures of fungi and bacteria significantly increased in ginseng rhizosphere soils, and the fungal community's diversity clearly changed in ginseng rhizosphere soil. The relative abundance of ginseng pathogenic fungi (Fusarium and Ilyonectria) in rhizosphere soils significantly increased after ginseng was planted. During the ginseng growth, the relative contents of ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2 and Rc) secreted through ginseng roots in the rhizosphere soils decreased, while, the relative contents of ginsenosides degradation products (Rd, G-VXII and F2) increased. Unifrac PCoA analysis showed significant differences in the soil microbial community structure across various ginseng cultivation years. RDA analysis showed that ginsenosides were key factors affecting the soil microbial community structure and diversity.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Identification, microstructure, Panax, physical characteristics, Surface morphology, seed size.
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Comparison of seed characteristics of six Panax species
  • Pages - 253-266
  • W.L. Zhong, R.Y. Jiang, H.Z. Wu, Y.L. Yang, K.M. Zhang,Y.X. Guo, X.Y. Yang and Z.L. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  To differentiate the seeds of Panax spp., we determined the surface morphology, length, width, thickness, 100-seeds weight, volume, density and microstructure of seeds of 6-Panax spp. [P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, P. japonicus, P. japonicus var. and Jinping ginseng) and Jinping ginseng. Besides, we also studied the surface morphology, physical characteristics and microstructure of seeds of these 6-Panax spp. The seeds of P. japonicus and P. japonicus var. were smallest, oval, brown and yellowish-white, respectively. The larger seeds of P. notoginseng and P. ginseng were milky white, while, those of P. quinquefolius were yellowish-white. Seeds of P. notoginseng appeared triangular-oval in shape, with soft seed coat. Seeds of P. ginseng were oblate, with a hard and wrinkled seed coat and an endocarp divided into inner and outer layers. Seeds of P. quinquefolius were oblate, seed coat was easy to peel and similar in size to P. ginseng, but were heavier in weight and endocarp was divided into inner, middle and outer layers. Seeds of Jinping ginseng were largest, yellowish-white, kidney-shaped and slightly flat. Seeds of 6-species of Panax differed in surface morphology, physical characteristics and microstructure for easier identification. This study provided a reference for seedd identification and a new method to classify Panax ginseng seeds from other species.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Allelopathy, field studies, ginseng growth, Panax ginseng, phenolic acids, RSD, reductive soil disinfestation, soil sickness
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Effects of reductive soil disinfestation: Panax ginseng allelopathy
  • Pages - 267-276
  • Y. Zhan, N. Yan, L.Y. Du, P. Yu, T. Zhang, Y.H. Xu, Q. Li and C.B. Chen
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  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of RSD (Reductive Soil Disinfestation) on the soil sickness problem of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.). We also determined its effects on soil allelopathic substances, development of soil sickness, its ameliorating properties and effects on the growth of ginseng. We found that RSD treatment effectively reduced the contents of 7-phenolic acids (Gallic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, trans-Cinnamic acid) in ginseng soil, and ferulic acid was completely eliminated. The RSD treatment also promoted the growth of ginseng plants and reduced the incidence of ginseng soil sickness. There was a significant negative correlation between the growth and the contents of phenolic acids in soil. Thus, RSD treatment proved an effective method to reduce the allelopathy of ginseng and soil sickness.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Anticoagulation, anti-hemostasis, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-thrombosis, origin difference, Panax notoginseng
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Comparison of in-vivo and in-vitro blood activating effects of Panax notoginseng
  • Pages - 277-288
  • L.T. Zhong, Z.Y. Chen, G. Liu, Y.L. Yang, K.M. Zhang,X.Y. Pang and Z.L. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  Through in-vitro experiments, we screened the P. notoginseng from 10- producing areas for the greater anti-platelet aggregation effects. Anti-mouse tail thrombosis, anticoagulation and anti-hemostasis experiment were done to compare the in-vivo blood-activating effects of P. notoginseng from 10-different areas. The results showed that the impact of P. notoginseng from the Baoshan, Yanshan and Mengzi was better. This study provided a basis for selecting improving blood circulation. It will be helpful to ensure the effectiveness of the clinical application of P. notoginseng.


November, 2021  Volume (54 - 2)
Molecular docking, molecular mechanisms, network pharmacology, Panax ginseng, skin ageing.
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Network pharmacology integrated molecular docking reveals the bioactive components and potential targets of ginseng anti-skin ageing mechanism
  • Pages - 289-304
  • L.Y. Du, G. Li, T. Jiang, C.B. Chen, S. Zhu, Q. Li and E.P. Wang
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  • View Abstract  In this study, we adopted a comprehensive approach to study ginseng’s preliminary anti-skin ageing molecular mechanism via network pharmacology integrated molecular docking strategy. The results showed that 15 active components and 70 potential targets of ginseng were obtained through screening. 238 biological process (BP) items, 36 cell composition (CC) items and 57 molecular function (MF) items were shown in 97 signalling pathways. They were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Moreover, molecular docking was done to validate the strong binding ability between the core target (AKT1 and PTGS2) and active ingredients (panaxadiol, Ăź-sitosterol, frutinone A and girinimbin). These results proved that ginseng plays a vital role in anti-skin ageing through multiple targets and pathways. Besides, provided a deeper insight into the anti-skin ageing action mechanisms of ginseng.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Autotoxicity, autotoxins, soil sickness, crops, medicinal plants, forest plants, weeds
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Plant Autotoxicity: Review (Part II). Families: Chlorellaceae to Plantaginaceae
  • Pages - 16-Jan
  • H.M. Liu, J.G. Huang, Nimisha Amist1 and L.J. Zhou*
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  • View Abstract 

    Autotoxicity, one of the major causes of soil sickness in plants, can inhibit plant growth, lead some soil diseases, and result in negative soil environment and economic loss. In this paper, 25 plant species from 17 genera in 12 families were briefly reviewed on their autotoxicity to give some hints to deal with the soil sickness for agricultural crops or medicinal plants, or the regeneration problems for forest plant species. The 12 families reviewed here are as the following: Chlorellaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Nostocaceae, Nyssaceae, Osmundaceae, Paeoniaceae, Pinaceae, Phytolaccaceae and Plantaginaceae.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelopathy, barley, Bromus diandrus, Hordeum vulgare, microorganisms, model, phenolic acids, soil, soil biological properties, soil physico-chemical, root exudates, Stelleria media, weeds.
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Effects of physico-chemical and biological properties of soil on the allelopathic activity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) root exudates against Bromus diandrus Roth. and Stelleria media L. weeds
  • Pages - 17-34
  • I. Bouhaouel2*, A. Gfellera, Kh. Boudabous2, M.L. Fauconnier1, O. Slama Ayed2, H. Slim Amara2 and P. Du Jardin
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In greenhouse experiment, the allelopathic effects of 6-barley genotypes were assessed on the morphological features of weeds, Bromus diandrus Roth. and Stelleria media L. The inhibitory effects of root exudates depended on the barley genotype and the physico-chemical properties of the soil, and their interactions. The sandy soils with low organic matter and nutrients content showed more the allelopathic potential. A predictive model of the allelopathic activity of barley was proposed based on soil properties and tested weeds. Overall, the stepwise model showed that the content of phenolic acids was the major determinant of allelopathic activity, besides the soil chemical characteristics (electrical conductivity and carbon and sodium content). Soil microbial communities decreased the allelopathic activity of barley. Drainage and aeration might explain the slightly higher inhibitory activity in a non-autoclaved sandy substrate than a clay-loam substrate. When recommending allelopathic barley genotypes for cultivation, the environmental factors, physico-chemical properties of soil and rhizosphere microbiome might reduce or enhance their allelopathic potential.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelochemical stress, allelopathy, amino acids, Vicia faba L., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., GC-MS, metabolites, metabolomics, photosynthesis, seedling growth, sugar, Volatile oil.
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Metabolomics profiling reveals the potential metabolites and biological pathways of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) under allelochemical stress of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
  • Pages - 35-50
  • C.J. Gu, L.J. Ade1, D.W. Ma*, Y.N. Wang and H. Zhang
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  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathy of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. volatile oil and its two monomer components (a-terpinene and r-cymene) on Vicia faba L. using physiological measurements and metabolomics profiling. The results showed that the allelochemicals decreased leaf area, seedling height, main root length, biomass and increased stomatal density, among which, volatile oil caused the greatest changes. Variable accumulation of metabolites, in response to treatment with the volatile oil and the two monomers, were identified by GC-MS analysis. Volatile oil significantly decreased the polyols and sugars (myo-Inositol and maltose) and significantly increased the TCA cycle metabolites such as succinic acid, as well as amino acids (glutamic acid, asparagine, beta-alanine and 3-cyano-L-alanine). The two monomers (a-terpinene and r-cymene), significantly increased the amino acids (glutamine and 3-cyano-L-alanine and r-cymene) but decreased the sugar gentibiose. Due to the antagonistic effects among the components, they interfere with photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism and TCA cycle of receptor plants. The 3-cyano-L-alanine, the only differential accumulating metabolite was increased in all three treatments, suggesting that allelochemical stress induced the accumulation of cyanide and other toxic substances in receptor plants, thus inhibiting its growth.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Afforestation, allelopathic effects, cell division, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., fire, genotoxicity, leaf extract, mitosis, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus pinea L., seed germination, seedling growth.
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Afforestation of post-fire Pinus brutia Ten. forests: Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., P. brutia and Pinus pinea L. leaf extracts on cell division in P. brutia seeds
  • Pages - 51-62
  • Burçin Yenisey Kaynas and Signem Oney-Birol1*
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus brutia Ten. leaf extracts [(0 (control), 25, 50 and 100%)] on cell division and chromosome structure during the seed germination and seedling development of P. brutia.. The effects on P. brutia mitotic index, phase indices and genotoxicity index were scored and statistically interpreted. The results showed that these species used in afforestation of post-fire had positive and negative effects on the growth of P. brutia seeds. The 100 % leaf extract of E. camaldulensis and 50 % of P. brutia increased the mitotic activity and cell division in the meristematic root tip cells of P. brutia seeds than control. The leaf extract of E. camaldulensis at lowest concentration (25%) were most cytotoxic due to changes in the aberrant chromosome structure of P. brutia cells. While, the P. brutia leaf extracts (25 % and 100 % concentrations) were highly allelopathic and reduced the mitotic activity, affecting the seedling development in P. brutia. Consequently, the results suggested that treatments EC-100 (18 %), PB-50 (14 %) and PP-25 (13.6 %) were very successful to alleviate genotoxic effects of leaf extracts compared to the mitotic index. These groups have a cytoprotective role to protect the stability of chromosome structure during the cell division for P. brutia regeneration.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelopathic potential, chemical characterization, chemical composition, Echinochloa crusgalli, essential oils, Eupatorium maculatum, field studies, GCMS, germination, herbicidal use, in-vivo, lab. bioassays, Lolium perenne, seedling growth
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Chemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils from Eupatorium maculatum on Lolium perenne L. and Echinochloa crusgalli L.
  • Pages - 63-72
  • S.Q. Wang†, S.L. He†, M.Z. Zhang†, Y.X. Zhang, Q.Y. Wang1, C.Y. Zhang2, T.Y. Liu, B. Liu, J.Y. Han*, J.C. Qin* and Diego A. Sampietro3*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We determined the chemical composition of the essential oils from flowers, stems and leaves of E. maculatum and their phytotoxicities on germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne L. and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. A total of 31 compounds (accounting for 95.19 %-98.29 % of the whole oil composition) were identified by GC/MS. The Ăź-cubebene was most abundant compound in flower (52.89 %), leaf (21.86 %) and stem oils (12.97 %). Other major constituents were : a-caryophyllene (9.02 %) in flower oil, a-calacorene (12.84 %) in stem oil and a-cadinol (12.14 %) in leaf oil. These three oils inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of L. perenne and E. crusgalli, however, the flower oil was most phytotoxic to both weed species. A principal component analysis indicated that minor and major constituents were mostly hydrocarbonated sesquiterpenes, causing the inhibitory activity of flower oil. More research is needed to characterize the reproducibility of the composition of flower oil of E. maculatum to standardize its phytotoxicity for herbicidal use. Its effects in-vivo on the weed species in pot and field assays should also be explored.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelopathy, Amaranthus retroflexus, crop, Lactuca sativa, mineral amendments, plant development, pot bioassay, Sinapis alba, soil autoclaving, soil physicochemical properties, soil sterilization, weed.
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Mineral amendments to improve plant growth after soil sterilization in allelopathy experiments
  • Pages - 73-88
  • Alejandra Guisande-Collazo, LuĂ­s González* and Pablo Souza-Alonso 1
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  • View Abstract  This study aimed to ameliorate the soil physicochemical properties and plant growth after soil autoclaving by adding mineral amendments. Agricultural soil was mixed with sand and perlite in 2 ratios (1:1 and 1:2, w/w), creating 4-treatments that were sterilized by autoclaving. Thereafter, 4 plant species [Zea mays, Lactuca sativa and Sinapis alba (crops) and Amaranthus retroflexus (weed)] were individually grown in pots containing the autoclaved soil mixtures. At the end of the assay, physicochemical parameters of soil mixtures (pH, soil texture and structure) and plant morphological traits (leaf area, fully developed leaves, emergence, length, biomass, and rhizosheath) were measured. There was a significant increase in soil pH and a decrease in soil particle density after the addition of perlite. Plant growth (shoot length, root length or biomass) seedling emergence, leaf area and rhizosheath were significantly increased with the use of mineral amendments, especially perlite. The use of inexpensive amendments effectively ameliorated soil physicochemical properties and plant growth after soil autoclaving. Improving the soil properties after sterilization by using mineral amendments would be useful to standardize soil physicochemical conditions and thus, reducing the undesired interference in the evaluation of allelopathic effects.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelochemicals, American ginseng, maize, MDR, Panax quinquefolius, phenolic acids degradation, soil microorganisms, soil physico-chemical properties, soil sterilizationsed, Zea mays
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Degradation dynamics of nine phenolic acids in American ginseng and maize grown soils
  • Pages - 89-98
  • Y.M. Bi, X.L. Jiao, X.X. Li, G.L. Tian, L. Li1, H.L. Liu2 and W.W. Gao*
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  • View Abstract  To get more information about the effects of microorganisms on the phenolic acids degradation, 9-phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, benzoic, salicylic, cinnamic acids and vanillin) were added to American ginseng and maize grown soils at two sites (Gejia and Zetou Town, Wendeng District, Weihai City, Shandong Province, China) and determined the residual concentrations of these phenolic acids. All phenolic acids were degraded in 3-days in natural soil and in 9-days in sterilized soil, showing the role of microorganisms in phenolic acid degradation. In addition, crop species had significant effect (P ?0.05) on the microbiological degradation rate (MDR) of syringic, p-coumaric, salicylic, vanillic acids and vanillin, while soil sampling sites had significant effects (P ?0.05) on the MDR of syringic, ferulic and salicylic acids. This study revealed that soil microorganisms mediated by crop species and soil physico-chemical properties affected the degradation of phenolic acids in soil. This finding will aid to understand the interactions between the soil phenolic acids and microorganisms.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelopathy, asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L., autotoxicity, autotoxins, continuous cropping problem, diploid, extracts, HPLC, rhizosphere soil, seed germination, seedling growth, tetraploid.
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Superiority of tetraploid asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) in continuous cropping
  • Pages - 99-112
  • Y.L. Yin, J.S. Zhou, Y.P. Tang, G.Y. Chen and S.C. Luo*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the tolerance of two Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars : diploid 'JG701' and tetraploid 'JGH', to autotoxicity in continuous cropping. The effects of root, foliage and rhizosphere soil extracts were tested on seed germination. Organic acids from rhizosphere soil were identified by HPLC. Results showed that plant fresh weight of two cultivars of asparagus decreased under replant system. However, root and shoot weights 'JGH' were higher than of 'JG701' after the second replanting. Soil extract of 'JGH' was less inhibitory to seed germination and radicle length than of 'JG701'. The tetraploid cultivar proved superior to the diploid in continuous cropping.


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