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Showing 1553 articles

January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, banana cultivars, flavonoids, Musa paradisiaca, Odoiporus longicollis, peroxidase, phenols, phenyalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase.
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Allelopathic effects of high contents of phenols and flavonoids in Musa paradisiaca L. cultivars on banana borer Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier)
  • Pages - 113-124
  • K.J. Kavitha, K. Shabith Raj and D.A. Evans
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In commercial banana (Musa paradisiaca) plantations with diverse cultivars, the banana psuedostem borer Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) did not deposit their eggs, in pest resistant cultivars. In laboratory conditions, the weevils laid eggs on the pieces of pseudostem of pest resistant cultivar (topically applied with crushed juice of pest resistant banana cultivars), but did not hatch. The resistant cultivars contained very high contents of phenols, flavanoids and elevated activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase caused allelopathy in endophytic larvae. Cytopathological changes in the hemocytes and major changes in protein profile on fourth day caused larva mortality. Banana cultivars with very low contents of phenols and flavanoids and related enzymes were susceptible to this pest. Application of urea fertilizer to banana cultivars lowered the contents of phenols and flavonoids due to the dilution effect.


January, 2020  Volume (49 - 1)
Acyrthosiphon pisum, aphid diet, feeding behavior, in vitro, Rhopalosiphum padi, sucrose-agarose gels.
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Comparison of probing/ feeding behavior for diet analysis to control strategy: A case study on aphids
  • Pages - 125-140
  • S. Golawska*, I. Lukasik, I. Sprawka, H. Sytykiewicz and A. Chojnacki
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the aphid probing behavior, on liquid artificial diets and agarose-sucrose gels by electrical penetration graphs (DC EPG) to monitor the probing/feeding behavior of the Rhopalosiphum padi L. and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. One alfalfa saponin, zanhic acid tridesmoside (a compound with wide range of biological properties), was tested for its effects on feeding behavior of aphids. The EPG patterns generated by aphids feeding on plants were used to interpret the patterns observed on the diets and gels. To investigate the effects of two factors: (i). Diet type (liquid artificial diets/agarose sucrose gels) and (ii). Aphid (R. padi/A. pisum) species, on number of waveforms and average time of waveforms, generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a Gaussian error structure were used. On artificial diets and gels, number of penetrations and average time of waveforms depended on studied factors. The essential factors in these analyses were : Diet type and Aphid species. These results suggested that liquid agarose diet and sucrose- agarose gels could be used to study the aphid probing/feeding behavior and in biotechnological projects for resistant plant breeding to sucking-piercing herbivores.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, barnyard grass, chemical compounds, defence enzymes activity, ethanol extract, GC-MS, germination, Humulus scandens, scandent hop, seed germination, seedling growth
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Allelopathic effects of scandent hop (Humulus scandens Lour) on barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.)
  • Pages - 141-150
  • J.J. Xu, X.P. Tang1, B. Wang1, X.W. Li1, H.D. Bai, J. Xu, D.C. Liu, L.Y. Bai and Z.R. Li*
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    To find the allelopathic herbicidal plants, the herbicidal activity of ethanol extract from scandent hop was evaluated on the seed germination, seedling growth and defence enzymes activities of barnyard grass. The scandent hop inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyard grass and followed the order: root extract > leaf extract >complete shoot extracts > stem extracts. Seed germination and seedlings growth decreased with increase in concentrations from 0.02g/mL to 0.6g/mL. The GC-MS analysis detected 10-major compounds (acetol, pyran, myristaldehyde, vinyl propionate, ethyl ester, oleic acid, phytol, methyl ester) in H. scandens. The inhibitory activity of compounds followed the order : methyl linoleate > ethyl linoleate > phytol. The leaves extract at lower concentrations (0.02, 0.1g/mL) increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) but were decreased at higher concentrations(0.6g/mL). Thus scandens hop extracts were inhibitory to the seeds germination, seedling development and antioxidant enzymes activities in barnyard grass.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic effects, aqueous extract, inhibition, metabolism, mungbean, Neanotis montholonii, Oryza sativa, plumule, radicle, rice, seed germination, seedling growth, Vigna radiata
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Allelopathic effects of weed Neanotis montholonii on seed germination and metabolism of mungbean and rice
  • Pages - 151-164
  • S.D. Torawane and D.N. Mokat*
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    The higher concentrations of whole plant aqueous extracts of Neanotis montholonii proved most inhibitory to mungbean and rice. The highest concentration (10 %) of aqueous extract reduced the plumule and radicle length of both crops. Fifteen allelochemicals (Phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, flavonols and glycerol) were identified in its extract, of these five were major allelochemicals [Linoelaidic acid, Glycidyl oleate, 18-Nonadecenoic acid, Palmatic acid and Glycidyl palmitate]. These compounds significantly inhibited the seed germination in mungbean (59.78 %) and rice (58.34 %) at 5 DAS. The inhibitory effects of allelochemicals on seeds germination followed the order: Linoelaidic acid > Glycidyl oleate > 18-Nonadecenoic acid > Palmatic acid > Glycidyl palmitate. The radicle and plumule growth at 11 DAS also followed the same trend. The metabolic changes showed that the aqueous extract reduced the protein, starch, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavonoids and flavonols contents in both mungbean and rice crops and were concentration dependent. The allelopathic potential of N. montholonii was due to the presence of 15 inhibitory compounds (detected by GC-MS) present in its extract.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Alternanthera tenella, Cassia fistula, GCMS, laboratory bioassay, petal leachate, phenolic compounds, phytochemical screening, phytosociology, seed germination, seedling growth
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Allelopathic potential of petal leachates of Cassia fistula L. against an invasive weed Alternanthera tenella L.
  • Pages - 165-176
  • S.T. Kamble and K.B. Pawar*
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  • View Abstract  In Laboratory bioassays, the allelopathic potential of aqueous petal leachates of Cassia fistula L. were studied against A. tenella. Petal leachates of C. fistula at all concentrations inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth A. tenella in both petriplate and soil bioassays. Seed germination and seedling growth was inhibited due to the phenolic compounds (Gallic acid, Catechol and Tannic acid) except Gallic acid and Catechol in soil bioassay. Petal leachates caused adverse effects than standard phenolic compounds. The 20 % petal leachate of C. fistula contained (42.67 mg/100 ml) total phenolics using the GC-MS, we detected and identified following phytochemicals : 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one; 2,4,5-Trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane; Hexahydro-1,2,4,5 tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; Diphenyl ether; 1,1-Dimethyl-4,4-diethyl-.DELTA.[2]-tetrazene; o-Hydroxybiphenyl in petal leachates of Cassia fistula. Spectrophotometric analysis quantified 35.78 mg/100ml o-Hydroxybiphenyl. In petri plate and soil bioassays the o-Hydroxybiphenyl at 5, 10 and 15 ppm concentrations of C. fistula inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. tenella.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelopathy, germination, growth, juglone, metabolism, tree-of-heaven
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Allelopathic potential of Juglans nigra L. to control the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle)
  • Pages - 177-188
  • P. Ferus*, K. Mencik1 and J. Konôpková
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), native to China, is one of the worst invasive tree in Europe due to its large impact on ecosystem functioning and an enormous eradication cost. However, limited information is available about the allelopathy-based inhibitory plant against this tree species. Therefore, effect of 1 % leaf aqueous extracts from black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), false indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa L.) or Chinese toon (Cedrela sinensis Juss.) on its seed germination and seedling growth were examined. Black walnut extract caused maximum 44 % reduction in its germination, but other 3 species caused only 25-30 % decrease. The extract from black walnut and Chinese toon adversely affected the leaf dry matter of the A. altissima seedlings. However, the black walnut and common hackberry extracts significantly increased their root-to-shoot ratio. Black walnut extract increased the leaf soluble sugars (37 %), but reduce the leaf hydrogen peroxide (-27 %) and leaf chlorophyll a+b contents (-20-25%). Thus, the black walnut extract strongly allelopathically suppressed the tree-of-heaven by reducing the germination and seedlings growth. However, the pure juglone (an allelopathically active black walnut flavonoid) at the same concentration that found in leaf extract markedly suppressed the seed germination (-70 %), decreased the leaf hydrogen peroxide concentration (-50 %) but stimulated the seedling roots growth (25 %). The effects of juglone were lower than black walnut extracts on young tree-of heaven plants and synergy with other components of extract has been suggested.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Acacia mangium, activated carbon, AC, allelopathy, allelopathic effects, decomposition, Eucalyptus urophylla, growth, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, mixed litter, non-additive effects, Paspalum notatum, radish, Raphanus sativus
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Non-additive allelopathic effects of decomposing mixed litters of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium on radish, lettuce and Paspalum notatum
  • Pages - 189-200
  • Y.J. Su1, Y.H. Cao, C.H. Ding, Y.Y. Sun1, K.L. Cheng, R.S. Zeng1, Y.Y. Song and Z.F. Li *
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the effects of decomposing leaf litters of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium on plant growth, nitrogen (N) immobilization and allelopathy. We found that single and litter mixture of E. urophylla and A. mangium during decomposition inhibited the growth of test plants [radish (Raphanus sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Paspalum notatum)]. Non-additive effects on growth inhibition were observed in pure and mixture of decomposing leaf litters. After 0 days decomposition, the litter mixture showed antagonism (germination rate lower than expected value). After 5 days of decomposition, the mixture effect was synergistic, and the germination rate was higher than the expected value. Finally, 20 days after decomposition, the effects became additive. Litter mixture slightly inhibited the root length (8 %) in treatment of water (AC-N-) and by 21 % in treatment of mineral solution (AC-N+), but the non-additive effects disappeared after the activated carbon (AC) was added to medium. We propose that the changes in the composition, proportion and concentration of allelochemicals in litter mixture caused the non-additive allelopathic effects.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Acacia mangium, Amaranthus spinosus, bioherbicide, black wattle, herbicidal potential of methanol extracts, Jatropha curcas., ketapang, marcuspine, phenolic, Pinus merkusii, steroid, terpenoid, teak, Tectona grandis, Terminalia catappa.
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Herbicidal potential of methanolic extracts of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese, Acacia mangium Willd., Jatropha curcas L., Tectona grandis L.f. and Terminalia catappa L. on Amaranthus spinosus L.
  • Pages - 201-216
  • G. Erida1*, N. Saidi2, Hasanuddin1 and Syafruddin1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of methanolic extracts (10 %, 20 % and 30 %) of Merkus pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese), black wattle (Acacia mangium Willd.), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) and ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) on the seedlings growth of weed spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.). The herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid at 0.686 kg a.i.ha-1 was used as positive control and distilled water as negative control. The results showed that application of allelopathic extracts of 5-perennial plants at 10 %, 20 % and 30 % concentrations significantly reduced the plant height, number of leaves, stems diameter, weed control, leaf area, root length and shoot and root dry weight of A. spinosus weed. At 21 days after application, the methanolic extracts at 30 % concentration of donor plants: P. merkusii, T. cattapa, T. grandis, J. curcas and A. mangium caused 64.2 %, 51.1 % 50.2 %, 48.2. %, 38.6 % inhibition, respectively, in seedlings growth of A. spinosus, while the herbicide 2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha-1 caused 100 % control of test weed A. spinosus. The phytochemical test showed that A. mangium contained alkaloids and terpenoids, P. merkusii and J. curcas contained terpenoids and steroids, T. grandis contained terpenoids and flavonoids and T. catappa contained steroids. Phenolics were present in all five plants extracts. GC-MS analysis showed that leaf extracts of donor plants contained 3 major compounds each as under: A. mangium : [isopropyl palmitate (20.51 %), octadecanoic acid (12.63 %), lupeol (11.15 %)], P. merkusii [isopropyl palmitate (33.45 %), isopropyl linoleate (11.89 %), 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (7.32 %)], T. grandis [d:b-friedo-b':a'-neogammacer-5-en-3-ol,(3.beta.)- (13.04 %), stigmasterol, 22,23-dihydro- (13.02 %), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.32 %)], T. catappa [lupeol (25.84 %), stigmasterol,22,23-dihydro- (15.43 %), alpha-amyrin (9.81 %)], J. curcas [stigmasterol,22,23-dihydro-(24.10 %), cholest-5-en-3-ol,24-propylidene-,(3.beta.)-( 15.70 %) and n-hexadecanoic acid (11.74 %)]. The P. merkusii provided the greatest control of weed A. spinosus (64.2%) due to presence of isopropyl palmitate (33.45 %), isopropyl linoleate (11.89 %) and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (7.32 %).


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Abutilon theophrasti, adaptation, allelopathic effects, different habitats, Invasive species, Lactuca sativa, leaf litter leachates, lettuce, mother trees, seed germination, seedlings growth, Ulex europaeus
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Allelopathic effects of leaf litter leachates of Ulex europaeus on other species and its own seed germination
  • Pages - 217-228
  • M. Hozawa* and E. Nawata
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We determined the allelopathic effects of leaf litter leachates of U. europaeus from 7-habitats in USA and New Zealand, on its own seed germination and that of Abutilon theophrasti. We found that the allelopathy of U. europaeus leaves depended on its habitats. The U. europaeus leaves leachate at 1 and 10% were auto-toxic to its own and hindered the germination. Thus U. europaeus use allelochemicals released from its leaves to compete with other species and to regulate the germination of its own seeds. It may be one of the important strategies for better adaptation to new environment.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, antioxidant enzyme, autotoxicity, enzyme activities, gibberellic acid, ginseng, ginsenoside Rg1, indole acetic acid, Panax ginseng, phytohormones, seed germination, seedling growth, soil sickness.
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Allelopathic effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on seed germination and seedling growth of Panax ginseng
  • Pages - 229-242
  • Qiong Li1,2, Lianxue Zhang1, Tianzhu Guan1, Yonghua Xu1* and Changbao Chen2*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Soil sickness of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) has become a major limiting factor in ginseng cultivation. We found that the in rhizosphere soil of 5-year-old ginseng mainly contained ginsenosides viz., Rb1 (2.69 mg L-1), Rg1 (1.94 mg L-1), Re (1.84 mg L-1), Rb2 (1.56 mg L-1) and Rc (1.12 mg L-1). High concentration of Rg1 (2.00 mg L-1) inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth, but wax stimulatory at low concentrations (0.25 mg L-1). The Rg1 at 1.00 mg. L-1 concentration stimulated the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase activities of seedlings but the 2.00 mg L-1 concentration decreased their activities. The Rg1 at low conc (0.25 mg L-1) increased but high concentration (2.00 mg L-1) reduced the contents of gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid. However, the content of abscissic acid was increased by all concentrations of Rg1.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelopathy, Amaranthus retroflexu,s antifungal, chemical compounds, essential oils, fungi, fungicide, GCMS, herbicide, w Lepidum sativum, seed germination, seedling growth, weeds
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Allelopathic and Antifungal potentials of endemic Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet collected from different locations in Turkey
  • Pages - 243-256
  • M. Yilar*, Y. Bayar A.A. and Abaci Bayar1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We determined the antifungal and bioherbicidal properties of essential oils of Salvia absconditiflora. Its plant samples were collected from 10-locations in Kirsehir province, Turkey and dried in shade. Essential oils of dried plant samples were extracted by hydro-distillation method using a Schilcher device and the compounds identified in S. absconditiflora essential oils by GC-MS analysis were: Camphor (10.52-58.64%), Bicyclo [2.2.1] Heptane-2-One, 1.7.7 (21.94-30.16%) and viridiflorol (3.42-25.2%). S. absconditiflora essential oil (a dose of 10 µl/petri dishes) inhibited the mycelium growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Alternaria solani pathogens by 9.3 and 54.40 %, respectively. At dose of 20 µl/petri dish, the essential oil completely inhibited the mycelium growth of both pathogens. The S. absconditiflora essential oil at 20 µl/petri dish. was 100 % phytotoxic to seed germination and seedling growth of Lepidum sativum and Amaranthus retroflexus. Thus S. absconditiflora essential oil can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicide and herbicide to control the plant pathogenic fungi and weeds, respectively.


March, 2020  Volume (49 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic effects, biocontrol, bio-formulation, entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Galleria mellonella, gel, in-vitro, lipid metabolism, Steinernema thermophilum.
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Novel bioinsecticidal gel formulation with improved shelf life and infectivity
  • Pages - 257-270
  • A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Singh*, V.S. Somvanshi1 and N. Patanjali
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In this study, the infective juveniles (IJ) of Steinernema thermophilum were immobilized in biopolymer based green gels with lipid metabolism arrestant compound (OA) as adjuvant. Four test bioformulations were prepared using binary biopolymeric crosslinked composite (GkCBC) and the biopolymer (Gk) and stored at 25° C. The survival (%) of IJs infectivity potential of stored bioformulations was assessed under in vitro conditions up to 4 months. Shelf life evaluation at 25oC, showed 75-90 % survival of IJs in gel and composite formulations after 4th month than 68 % in aqueous suspension. Addition of OA as adjuvant enhanced the nematode survival than without OA. Formulation GkCBC with OA at 75-100 % moisture content proved best for nematode survival and showing the allelopathic effects against test insect. The IJs immobilized formulations containing OA, irrespective of moisture content were more virulent against Galleria mellonella (4th instar larvae), than other compositions. New findings from this work will be validated to develop the biocontrol EPN technology for organic farming.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Autotoxicity, autotoxins, crops, forest plants, medicinal plants, Poaceae, soil sickness, weeds, Zingiberaceae
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Plant Autotoxicity: A Review (Part IV). Families: Poaceae to Zingiberaceae
  • Pages - 22-Jan
  • H.M. Liu, Jiguang Huang, Sifan Yang, Nimisha Amist1 and L.J. Zhou*
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    Autotoxicity, one of the major causes of soil sickness in plants, can inhibit plant growth, lead some soil diseases, and result in negative soil environment and economic loss. In this paper, 46 plant species from 37 genera in 16families were briefly reviewed on their autotoxicity to give some hints to deal with the soil sickness for agricultural crops or medicinal plants, or the regeneration problems for forest plant species. The 19 families reviewed here are as the following: Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Proteaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Taxodiaceae, Theaceae, Typhaceae, Verbenaceae, Vitaceae and Zingiberaceae.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, autotoxicity, autotoxins, crop rotation, current status, Future researches, ginseng, interactions, intercropping, microorganism, Panax ginseng, soil microbes, soil sickness.
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Soil Sickness of Panax gingseng : Current Status and Future Perspectives
  • Pages - 23-34
  • Qiong Li, Lianxue Zhang, Yonghua Xu*and Changbao Chen*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This paper reviews the main causal factors (Autotoxicity and microbes and allelochemicals and microbial interactions) of ginseng soil sickness. Prevention and control measures of ginseng soil sickness viz., crop rotation and intercropping, breeding, soil sterilization, reducing residues and removing autotoxins substances have been Discussed. However, studies are not done on the interactions between monomer autotoxins and microorganisms and the gene expression. This review lays the foundation for further research to solve the problem of soil sickness in ginseng.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic plants, allelopathy effects, chemical composition, economic importance, geographical distribution, morphology, Moringa species, plants nutrients.
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Allelopathic Plants: 27. Moringa species
  • Pages - 35-48
  • N.A. Tahir*, H.O. Majeed, H.A. Azeez1, D.A. Omer2, J.M. Faraj and W.R.M. Palani2
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Moringa is a medicinal plant used to treat numerous diseases. It is rich in allelochemicals [amino acids (Threonine, methionine and phenylalanine), fatty acids (Palmitic, oleic and linoleic), phenols (Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) flavonoids (Catechin, quercetin, kaempferol and niazimicin) and other bioactive compounds, vitamins (B, A, C, D and K)], zeatin and essential macro (Potassium, magnesium and phosphorus) and microelements (Iron and zinc). These elements accelerate the plant's growth, improves the plant's resistance against pests and diseases and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Cucumber, greenhouse, Cucumis sativus L., enzymes, greenhouse, intercropping, monoculture, leaf senescence, photosynthesis, polyamines, reactive oxygen species, ROS, Triticum aestivum, wheat.
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Effects of wheat intercropping on the senescence of cucumber leaves
  • Pages - 49-62
  • P.Y. Li1, M. Khashi u Rahman1, X.G. Zhou1, F.Z. Wu1, L.D. Sun1, P.X. Guo1, H. Dong1 and S.W. Liu1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated in greenhouse experiment, the effects of intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on the leaf senescence of later crop. The leaves of the cucumber plants under wheat intercropping (CW) showed higher chlorophyll content and lower intercellular CO2 concentration than in cucumber monocropping (CM). The CW also increased the leaf activity and expression of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes, but reduced the hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide anion in leaves. In intercropped cucumber leaves, increased the activities of enzymes [ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and polyamine oxidase] and also the expression of Rubisco actives and transglutaminase were increased than cucumber grown in monoculture. Putrescine and spermidine contents were decreased more in CW than in CM. These results suggested that wheat intercropped with cucumber decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the cucumber leaves, which in turn improved the carbon assimilation and thereby, delayed the leaf senescence.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, aqueous extracts, Avena fatua, Brassica campestris, flowering, leaves, rape, Solanum tuberosum, stems, tubers, tuberisation, varieties, weeds, wild oat
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Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties on Avena fatua L. and Brassica campestris L. weeds in Qinghai-Tibet plateau
  • Pages - 63-72
  • S. Shen1, 2, 3, W. Li 1, 2, 3,, Q.Y. Guo1, 2, 3* and J. Wang1, 2, 3*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic potential of Potato varieties to control weeds. The allelopathic effects of extracts from the leaves, stems and tuber tissues of 4-potato varieties (Qingshu 2, Qingshu 9, Xiazhai 65 and 175) collected at early, flowering and tuberisation stages were evaluated on the germination and seedlings growth of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and rape (Brassica campestris L) weeds. The leaves, stems and tuber tissues of potato varieties, X65 and Q9 were significantly inhibitory to Brassica campestris L weed. The potato variety Q9 was more inhibitory than variety X65.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, aqueous extracts, Avena fatua, Brassica campestris, flowering, leaves, rape, Solanum tuberosum, stems, tubers, tuberisation, varieties, weeds, wild oat
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Allelopathic effects of methanolic extracts of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties and isolated compounds on Avena fatua L. and Brassica campestris L. Weeds in Qinghai-Tibet plateau
  • Pages - 73-84
  • S. Shen1, 2, 3, W. Li 1, 2, 3* and J. Wang1, 2, 3*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In first part of this study, the potato variety Q9 was found the most allelopathic variety. Therefore, in present study chemical analysis of variety Q9 was done[HW1] and 7 compounds [1- (2, 6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) ethanone (I), Gentiopicroside (II), b-sitosterol (III), palmitic acid (IV), kaempferol (V), verbascoside (VI), and isoverbascoside (VII) were isolated by column chromatography and identified by structural analysis. Compounds I, II, VI and VII were present in methanolic extracts. These compounds stimulated the seedlings growth of A. fatua, however, but inhibited the seedlings growth of B. campestris. Hence, we presumed that these compounds in potato variety Q9, may control the B. campestris weed, hence, more in-depth research is needed.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Amino acid, microcosm experiment, organic acid, Pseudomonas spp., sugar
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Effects of selected root exudates components on soil Pseudomonas spp. community structures and abundances
  • Pages - 85-94
  • S.C. Tan1#; J.Y. Liu1,2#; M. Khashi u Rahman1; C.L. Ma1; F.Z. Wu1 and X.G. Zhou1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Plant-microbes interactions in soil are mainly driven by plant root exudates. However, how different compounds present in root exudates can affect the specific soil microbial communities has not been well studied yet. We studied the glucose, succinic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and glutamic acids on soil Pseudomonas spp. communality in a microcosm experiment. Soils were treated with these selected root exudates (20 µg carbon/g soil), and Pseudomonas spp. community structure and abundance were estimated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR, respectively. All treatments increased the abundance of Pseudomonas spp. community and this increase was highest in the glutamic acid treatment. Moreover, all treatments changed the Pseudomonas spp. community structure. All treatments, except glucose, decreased the community diversity of Pseudomonas spp. Our findings suggested that various organic compounds found in plant root exudates differed in their abilities to influence the soil Pseudomonas spp. community.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelopathic potential, environmental stress, flavonoids, forest, phenol, phytochemicals
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Effects of environmental stress (island vs. inland habitats) on allelopathic potential of tree species in South China
  • Pages - 95-108
  • L.X. Chang1,2,4, B.M. Chen3*, H.X. Liao3, F.Y. Zhang4, H.J. Zhang3, T. Zhou3, C.L. Chen2 and Z.K. Zhang1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The environmental stress strongly affects the allelopathic potentials of plants. Compared with the inland environment, islands have strong environmental stresses (i.e., high soil salinity/air, thin soil layers strong wind). We studied the 7-Donor tree species (Eucalyptus urophylla Blake., Melastoma malabathricum L., Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Ktze., Litsea rotundifolia Hemsl. Var. oblongifolia (Nees) Allen., Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk., Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin. and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) allelopathic potential from island and inland habitats on two recipient test plants: (i). Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), (ii). Radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Furthermore, to better understand the altered allelopathic potentials due to environmental stresses, we determined the concentrations of flavonoids and phenols in plants from island and inland habitats. We found that lower concentrations of extracts of all 7- Donor trees had weaker allelopathic effects on recipient spp. However, higher concentrations of extracts of E. urophylla, M. malabathricum and T. succedaneum showed stronger allelopathic potentials, when growing on island than from inland plants. Whereas, L. rotundifolia , R. tomentosa and S. heptaphylla showed weaker allelopathic potentials, when growing on island than from inland plants. The allelopathic potential of A. auriculiformis did not differ between the island and inland populations. Except A. auriculiformis and S. heptaphylla, the total phenols concentrations of all 5-species caused the allelopathic potentials. However, total flavonoids were found only in L. rotundifolia, R. tomentosa and S. heptaphylla. This study showed that environmental stresses changed the allelopathic potentials of plants and various plant species and their phytochemicals depended on the environmental stresses.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelopathic potential, Bioformulation, egg hatch, juvenile mortality, Meloidogyne incognita, nematicidal, ovicidal, root knot nematode, soil, Streptomyces lydicus, tomato, Verticillium chlamydosporium,
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Allelopathic potential of Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 and Verticillium chlamydosporium strain IIHR VC-3 to control root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato
  • Pages - 109-120
  • N.K. Dhillon*, S. Kaur1, Anupam and H. S. Buttar
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Two bioformulation viz., Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 and Verticillium chlamydosporium strain IIHR VC-3 were evaluated against root knot nematode, (Meloidogyne incognita) infesting tomato crop. Both the bio formulations showed antinemic properties. In vitro studies revealed that the nematicidal potential of Streptomyces lydicus bioformulation was higher than Verticillium chlamydosporium formulation in decreasing the egg hatch count and increasing juvenile mortality. Field application of Streptomyces lydicus strain bioformulation at 560 g/ha and above significantly decreased root knot nematode population in soil and roots of tomato. The application of Streptomyces formulation increased he crop growth and yield. These studies revealed that Streptomyces lydicus bioformulation has the potential for use in ecofriendly management of root knot nematode in tomato under protected and open field conditions.


May, 2020  Volume (50 - 1)
Allelopathy, Bidens pilosa, blackjack, Canavalia ensiformis, Eleusine indica, goose grass, jack bean, bioassay, maize, Mucuna pruriens, pot culture, seeds germination, seedlings growth, weed, Zea mays
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Effects of green manure cover crops (Canavalia ensiformis L. and Mucuna pruriens L.) on seed germination and seedling growth of maize and Eleusine indica L. and Bidens pilosa L. weeds
  • Pages - 121-140
  • J.T. Rugare*1,2, P.J. Pieterse1and S. Mabasa2
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In Lab bioassays and Pot culture, we studied the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts (0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5 % wv-1) of green manure cover crops [jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.)], on the germination and seedling development of weeds [goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.), blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.)] and maize (Zea mays L.) crop. 25 seeds of each weed or 10 maize seeds were separately sown in pots (soil + powdered green manure of jack bean and velvet bean mixed at 1%). Germination of both weeds was inhibited by the aqueous extracts in the order: leaf extract > stem extract > root extract. Soil amended with the green manure of jack bean and velvet bean reduced the emergence and growth of weed seedlings but had little adverse effect on maize. LC-MS revealed the presence of phenolics such as kaempferol in the tissues of both cover crops. Most of the phenolics demonstrated allelopathic activity on blackjack and goosegrass seeds. The jack bean and velvet bean extracts were phytotoxic to weeds (goose grass and black jack) but not to maize.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Actinomycetes, apple replant disease, bacteria, declining apple orchards, Malus × domestica, nematodes, pathogenic fungi, replant problem, rhizosphere, soil-borne pathogens, soil microbes
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Isolation and identification of fungi and nematodes in the rhizosphere soil of old declining apple orchards in Himachal Pradesh, India
  • Pages - 139-152
  • N. Singh*, D.P. Sharma, R. Kaushal1, N. Sharma, I.M. Sharma3 and S.S. Sharma3
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We conducted the survey to determine and compare the populations of soil microorganisms (nematodes, fungal pathogens) and soil fertility status of rhizosphere soil of declining apple orchards from 10 sites of Shimla and Sirmaur districts, Himachal Pradesh, India. The soil pH (6.28-7.42) was slightly acidic to near neutral and EC values (0.66 to 79 dSm-1) were in safe range. All declining apple orchard soils were rich in organic carbon (11.4 to 19.6 g/Kg) and potassium (369.97 to 1797.87 Kg/ha) and optimum in phosphorus (48.85 to 79.04 Kg/ha) and low to medium in nitrogen (213.70 to 244.60 Kg/ha). However, soils were high in zinc (2.91 to 3.30 ppm) and copper (4.95 to 8.79 ppm), optimum in iron (54.88 to 87.68 ppm) and manganese (20.47 to 24.34 ppm). The rhizosphere soil samples of declining apple orchard sites had fungal pathogens (Rhizoctoina solani, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora cactorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Dematophora necatrix) and nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Pratylenchus coffeae, Xiphinema sp., Helicotylenchus dihystera, Paratylenchus curvitatus). In declining apple orchards soils of Habban, Pulbahal, Kupvi and Kharapather, the maximum nematodes numbers (787) were of Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi and the least population (30) was of Paratylenchus curvitatus. The maximum numbers of bacteria (130.49×105 CFU/g soil) were in Habban, fungal pathogens (15.33×104 CFU/g soil) in Pulbahal soil and actinomycetes (18.00×102 CFU/g soil) in Rohru soil.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Allelopathy, aqueous extract, bioassays, flowers, GCMS, growth, leaves, mung bean, nodulation, parthenium, Parthenium hysterophorus, seed germination, seedling growth, Vigna radiata, yield.
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Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on the growth and yield of Vigna radiata L.
  • Pages - 153-172
  • Lalita*, Ashok Kumar and Nimisha Amist1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In Laboratory and Field bioassays, we investigated the effects of aqueous extracts from leaves, roots and flowers of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on the growth, yield and nodulation of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). The extracts were tested in laboratory bio-assays at 1,3,6 and 9 % concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean. Thereafter, they were tested in the field at 3, 6 and 9 % concentrations on germination, growth, yield, nitrogen and phosphorous contents and nodulation of mung bean. The extracts of parthenium were harmful to the physiological and agronomical parameters, and nitrogen and phosphorus content. The leaf extracts caused up to 95 % reduction in different parameters (nodules biomass and nitrogen content) followed by the flower (75 % reduction) and root extract (48 % reduction). The GC-MS analyses identified 33, 35 and 25 compounds in the leaf, flower and root methanolic extracts, respectively. The identified compounds were mainly terpenes, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, phenolics and phytosterols.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Allelochemicals, aqueous, chloroform extracts, Flemingia semialata, GC-MS, Lab. bioassay, leaf litter, maize, methanol extract, Oryza sativa, petroleum ether extracts, pot culture, rice, Zea mays.
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Allelopathic effects of Flemingia semialata Roxb. on seedling growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)
  • Pages - 173-184
  • P. Lalremsang, B. Gopichand, K. Upadhyaya, C. Remlalpeka, Lungmuana1 and B.P. Singh2
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of Flemingia semialata Roxb. leaf aqueous extracts in laboratory bioassays and in pot experiments on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). The leaf aqueous extracts stimulated growth and yield of maize but was inhibitory to rice. The 100 % concentration of extract was most inhibitory to the growth and biomass of rice. On the contrary, the extracts stimulated the growth and biomass of maize at all test concentration. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of F. semialata leaf litter revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, unsaturated fatty acids and many others compounds. The compounds detected in methanol extracts were : 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 3-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutyl)-C (38.36, %), in petroleum ether extracts major compound was : 2R-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4T-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1T-cyclohexanol (24.04 %) and in chloroform extract major compound was : Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol (36.74 %). Allelopathic effects of extracts from the leaf of F. semialata may be due to the presence of above compounds identified by GC-MS analysis.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Antibiosis, biopesticides, development, insect, larvae, phenolic compounds, phloroglucinol, secondary metabolites, Spodoptera litura.
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Insecticidal effects of phenolic compounds on the development of polyphagous Spodoptera litura larvae
  • Pages - 185-194
  • N.S. Chauhan, A. Punia and S.K. Sohal
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the potential of 4-plant secondary compounds (Phenolic compounds: Hydroquinone, Pyrogallol, Phloroglucinol and Pyrocatechol) as biopesticides against the lepidopteran, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). These compounds at 1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125 ppm concentrations had antibiosis influence on 12-days old larvae of S. litura. Among these test phenols Phloroglucinol was most toxic to growth and nutritional physiology of the insect. Our study demonstrated that these phenolic compounds may be developed as ecofriendly and safe alternatives to conventional pesticides.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Alkanes, brinjal, Capsicum annum, chilli, Leucinodes orbonalis, natural enemies, parasitization, parasitoid activity index, pest, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, tomato, Trichogramma
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Effects of allelochemicals from leachates of larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee and leaves of Brinjal, Chilli and Tomato on the foraging behaviour potential of Trichogrammatids
  • Pages - 195-212
  • U.P. Singh, S. Singh, R. Kumar, N.S. Chauhan1 and A. Kumar*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of hexane eluted allelochemicals pool (i) from larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee and (ii) leaves of brinjal (Pusa Hybrid 5) (Solanum melongena L.), chilli (WS-632) (Capsicum annum L.) and tomato (NS-563) (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during vegetative stage grown in laboratory (VSL) and field (VSF) on the foraging behaviour of three Trichogrammatids. The foraging behaviour of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was stimulated by leachates of L. orbonalis, brinjal (VSF) and chilli (VSL and VSF), whereas that of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead was influenced by brinjal (VSL) and tomato (VSL) leachates. The compounds present in the leachates were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were: Heptacosane (C27) in L. orbonalis, brinjal (VSL and VSF) and chilli (VSL and VSF), Tricosane (C23) in L. orbonalis, brinjal (VSL and VSF) and chilli (VSL) and Docosane (C22) in brinjal (VSL), chilli (VSL and VSF) and tomato (VSL), the most preferred leachates by Trichogrammatids. Thus, these compounds could provide effective biocontrol of Lepidopteran insects in Solanaceous crops by stimulating the foraging behaviour of T. pretiosum.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, allelochemicals, Brachionus havanaensis conditioned-medium, hormesis, macrophyte, Myriophyllum aquaticum phenols, phytoplankton, population growth, rotifer, zooplankton.
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Allelopathic effects from the macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum on the population growth and demography of Brachionus havanaensis (Rotifera)
  • Pages - 213-224
  • J.L. Viveros-Legorreta, S.S.S. Sarma1*, M.E. Castellanos Páez2 and S. Nandini1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We tested the allelopathic effects of Myriophyllum aquaticum on the survival and reproduction of a common brachionid rotifer, B. havanaensis. Total phenols of the lyophilized conditioned medium (CM) and the extract of M. aquaticum were 0.363 and 1.164 mg g-1, respectively. We evaluated the demographic response of rotifers to 3- total phenols concentrations (2.0, 5.4 and 12.2 µg g-1 as equivalents of gallic acid) from the extract and three (0.26, 0.53 and 1.06 µg g-1) from the CM. Rotifers exposed to total phenols from the extract at concentration of 12.2 µg g-1 did not survive beyond one week. Age-specific survival curves of B. havanaensis showed that those exposed to CM had lower mortality during the first 4 days, but afterwards there was a steep fall in survival. In contrast, those exposed to phenols from the extract, regardless of concentration, had a steep decline in survival, from day one. The reproduction of rotifers in controls was constant (2 offsprings day-1) from day 3 -16. In the CM the rotifers produced higher numbers (3-4 day-1) of offsprings, but only for a short duration (2-3 days). Depending on the source of allelochemicals, there were significant differences in the response of B. havanaensis in survival and reproduction related parameters. The average lifespan and life expectancy at birth were significantly reduced to 44-50 %, when exposed to allelochemicals from the plant extract or the CM. However, gross and net reproductive rates were affected by 28-32 % in CM, while the effect was more severe (53-65 %) with macrophyte extract. Some stimulatory (hormetic) effect on the rate of population increase per day was observed in treatments with macrophyte medium.


July, 2020  Volume (50 - 2)
Allelopathy, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, coastal areas, Egypt, Eruca sativa, esterase, GC-MS, halocnemum strobilaceum, halophytes, SOD, phytotoxicity, seed germination, seedling growth.
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Allelopathic potential of Egyptian halophytes Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Halocnemum strobilaceum from two coastal areas.
  • Pages - 225-242
  • Elsayed Mohamed*, Ahmed M.M.A. Kasem and Ahmed El-khatib1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of two halophytes (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Halocnemum strobilaceum), growing in coastal areas of Burj Alarab and Manzala, Egypt, on the seed germination, chlorophyll content, leaf area, shoot length, and esterase and superoxide dismutase activities of Eruca sativa. The shoot aqueous extracts (0, 10, 20, 30 %) of both species had similar phytotoxicity. The H. strobilaceum was more allelopathic than A. macrostachyum. The samples from the Burj Alarab area were more phytotoxic than from the Manzala area. GC-MS analysis detected 27 and 67 compounds in Arthrocnemum and 25 and 31 in Halocnemum extracts, respectively. The dominant components in the Burg Alarab Arthrocnemum extract were: bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione,3-(2,2-dimethyl propylidene) and 6,8-nonadien-2-one, 6-methyl-5-(1-methy lethylidene). In Manzala Arthrocnemum extracts, the antioxidant 3,4-dihydro-2h-1,5-(3"-t-butyl) benzodioxepine, nonadien and ethanonaphthalene, were most abundant. In the Burg Alarab Halocnemum extract dominant allelochemicals were : hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid. While, in the Manzala extract the allelochemicals were : thieno[3,4-c] pyridine, 1,3,4,7-tetraphenyl, benzothieno[2,3-c]quinolin-6(5h)-one, 2-methoxy (11.43 %). These results suggested the influence of habitat on the diversity, allelochemicals contents and allelopathy.


September, 2020  Volume (51 - 1)
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EDITORIAL
  • Pages - 2-Jan
  • Allelopathy Journal


September, 2020  Volume (51 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, chemical ecology, mode of action, natural products, secondary products
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Pioneers of Allelopathy: XV. Stephen O. Duke
  • Pages - 20-Mar
  • Stephen O. Duke
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    Stephen O. Duke has a research career of almost 50 years in plant science and chemical ecology, with much of it in allelopathy. Virtually all of his almost 500 publications have dealt with pest management, especially weed management. He has been inolved in discovery of natural phytotoxins (including allelochemicals) with new molecular targets that might be used to develop new herbicides, elucidation and manipulation of allelochemical biosynthetic pathways, and determinaiton of mechanisms of avoiding allelochemical-caused autoxicity. He has been President or Chair of numerous scientific societies, including the International Allelopathy Society (IAS), the International Weed Science Society, and the Agrochemical Division, American Chemical Society. His awards include the Molisch Award (IAS) and Fellow of the American Chemical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.


September, 2020  Volume (51 - 1)
Allelochemical, allelopathic interactions, allelopathic plants, autotoxicity, ginsenoside, microbiome, morphology and habitats, pathogens, phenolic acids, phytochemical characteristics, P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, rhizosphere microbiome.
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Allelopathic Plants : 28. Genus Panax L.
  • Pages - 21-40
  • Y.G. Xu, H.J. Liu, K.M. Zhang, S.S. Zhu and M. Yang
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Genus Panax L. (Araliaceae) includes very popular medicinal herbs used worldwide. Some species of Panax (P. notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius) are very allelopathic plants. Researches done in last 30-40 years have (i). determined the allelopathic properties of Panax plants, (ii). identified their allelochemicals and (iii). studied the mechanisms in allelopathic interactions. Based on the available literature, we have reviewed of allelopathic Panax plant’s Morphology and habitats, Phytochemical characteristics, Autotoxicity, Pathogens and Rhizosphere microbiome. Progress in allelopathic research have provided the insights into the sustainable cultivation of Panax plants. We have also suggested the future lines of allelopathic research in genus Panax.


September, 2020  Volume (51 - 1)
Allelopathy, balsamine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora, decomposition, essential oil, Impatiens balsamina, Ipomoea nil, leaf litter, morning glory, reproductive growth, seed quality, seedlings growth, terpenoids
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Allelopathic effects of decomposing leaf litter of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl) on harvested seeds germination and seedlings growth of balsamine (Impatiens balsamina L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth)
  • Pages - 41-56
  • H. Chen, Q. Wang, W.W. Huang, H.L. Hu, T.X. Hu, Z.B. Li, X.J. Wang, G.J. Wang and G.L. Ma
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In pot culture, we investigated the effects of decomposing litter of camphor [Cinnamomum camphora (L). Presl] on the growth of companion plants [Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina L) and Morning glory (Ipomoea nil L)] focusing on flowering traits, harvested seed quality, seed germination and seedlings growth in soil incorporated with/without the leaf litter. The camphor leaf litter dose of 0.56 % (mass fraction) significantly inhibited the vegetative growth indices (plant height, root collar, biomass and leaf development) of both receiver plants. Both recipient plant species showed delayed first-flower day, lower flowering velocity and decreased flower numbers after exposure to the leaf litter. Morning glory bloomed with smaller flowers at the higher (11th~15th) nodes. Despite these negative effects, the 1000-grain weight and germination of the seeds produced by the two recipient plants and growth performance of their offspring were slightly impacted. The balsamine was more sensitive than morning glory. By GC-MS, we detected 3- terpenoid compounds (Camphor, 1,8-Cineole and ß-Caryophyllene), these caused allelopathic effects during camphor leaf litter decomposition.


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