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Showing 1553 articles

March, 2019  Volume (46 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Brassica napus, crop residues, decomposition, germination, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, seedling growth, volatile compounds, winter oilseed rape
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Effects of allelochemicals in Brassica napus L. residues on the germination of weeds
  • Pages - 265-276
  • R. Cepuliene, Z. Kriauciuniene, R. Velicka, A. S. Maruska,M. Stankevicius, A. Marcinkeviciene and R. Kosteckas
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the inhibitory influences of winter oilseed rape residues on weeds. Residues after harvest on the germination of Galium aparine L. (i). 3-months after residues decomposition in soil on the germination of Sinapis arvensis L. and Tripleurospermum perforatum L. (ii). 7-months after decomposition on the germination of Sonchus arvensis L. The total contents of phenolic compounds in soil in decomposing rape residues significantly decreased after 3-months. The glucosinolates content was higher in rape stubble compared to upper plant part of threshed crop residues at harvest. The content of volatile organic compounds in rape residues 7-months after decomposition was the highest, comparing with other decomposition periods, except threshing remains. These results suggested that decomposing winter oilseed rape residues in soil were allelopathic and hence, influenced the agroecosystems in the following two-years period.


March, 2019  Volume (46 - 2)
Allelopathy, exotic plant, invasion resistance, lab bioassay, native dominant species, phenolic acids, Pinus densiflora., Pinus thunbergii, pot culture, Rhus typhina
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Allelopathic mechanisms in community resistance to exotic plants invasions: Allelopathic effects of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. and P. thunbergii Parlat. on the exotic invasive plant Rhus typhina L.
  • Pages - 277-290
  • F. Bin, W. Wei, P. Zhu., J.L. Zhang, P. Zhang, and Y.P. Hou
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    In laboratory bioassay and pot culture, we tested the allelopathic effects of fresh leaf and stem aqueous extracts from the native species Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. and the introduced species Pinus thunbergii Parlat. (origin East Asia) on the seed germination and seedling growth of exotic plant Rhus typhina L. In laboratory bioassay, the allelopathic inhibitory effects of P. densiflora were stronger than P. thunbergii, on the seed germination of R. typhina (except germination speed index (GSI) at high (0.1 g/mL) concentrations). Consistent with the laboratory bioassays, in pot culture experiments also the P. densiflora showed stronger inhibitory effects than P. thunbergii on seedling biomass accumulation of R. typhina. Further, we selected 9-common phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid) to determine their concentrations in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii soils. We found P. densiflora secreted more allelochemicals (except vanillic acid) into its surrounding soil compared to P. thunbergii. The results suggested that the allelopathy of some native dominant trees could affect the invasion potential of exotic plants in different forests types, implying that plant-plant interactions may play important role in determining the habitat invasion resistance.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Allelopathy, autotoxins, biodiversity, biological control, greenhouse, integrated management, natural forest, Panax notoginseng, pharmacology, soil sickness
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Current status of soil sickness research on Panax notoginseng in Yunnan, China
  • Pages - 1-14
  • C. Ye, H.Y. Fang, H.J. Liu, M. Yang and S.S. Zhu*
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  • View Abstract 

    Panax notoginseng is very important medicinal perennial herb. Its continuous cropping is restricted by the soil sickness. In past decades in Yunnan province, many studies have been made to solve this problem by elimination of pathogens and autotoxins, through balanced application of fertilizers and introduction of probiotics. This problem had been partially overcome by greenhouses cultivation and ecological approaches (Growth environment modification, soil improvement, balanced nutrition, integrated pests management, soil remediation). However, application of these approaches is limited under field conditions, due to very high cost. Hence, recently, an innovative approach (cultivation of P. notoginseng under forest conditions), has been developed and widely tested. The successful cultivation of P. notoginseng in forests is due to the effective use of native environment and allelopathic interactions.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy autotoxicity, continuous cropping problem, Panax ginseng, root exudates
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Allelopathy Research in Continuous Cropping Problem of Panax ginseng
  • Pages - 15-36
  • C.P.Xiao, J. Yang, J. Sun, Y.X. Jiang, L.M. Yang, L.L. Weng and Z.D.Qiu
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Panax ginseng is traditional Chinese herb, which is continuously cultivated on the same land, hence, its yield and quality is decreased. Thus, overcoming the problems of soil sickness in Ginseng in continuous cropping is key issue. The autotoxicity of Ginseng is one of the critical factors in continuous cropping problems. We have reviewed the current research status of continuous cropping problems in ginseng and role of ginseng allelopathy are summarised. Based on the relationships between the allelochemicals and continuous cropping problems in P. ginseng, future research areas are suggested.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Autotoxins, continuous cropping, crop rotation, integrated management, microbial remediation, nutrients remediation, Panax notoginseng, soil-borne pathogens, soil properties, soil sickness.
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Strategies to solve the problem of Soil sickness of Panax notoginseng (Family: Araliaceae)
  • Pages - 37-56
  • H.J. Liu, M. Yang and S.S. Zhu
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  • View Abstract  Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, (Family: Araliaceae) is an important medicinal herb cultivated in China since past 400 years. However, its continuous cropping is seriously hindered by the problem of soil sickness. Over the past decades, researchers have suggested many factors (Build-up of pathogens, accumulation of allelochemicals, deterioration of soil physicochemical properties, environmental stress) and their synergistic effects causing the occurrence of soil sickness. Some approaches (Crop rotation, soil fumigation to control pathogens, degradation of autotoxins, microbial and nutrients remediation of soil and integrated management) have been examined to solve this problem. This review provides the available information about the mechanisms and approaches to solve the problem of soil sickness in P. notoginseng and suggests future areas of research.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Agroforestry, allelopathy, cultural practices, forestry, fumigation, horticulture, intercropping, replant problem, rhizosphere microorganisms, soil amendments, soil sickness.
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Soil sickness in Horticulture and Forestry: A Review
  • Pages - 57-72
  • F. Long, Y.M Lin, T. Hong, C.Z. Wu, and J. Li
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  • View Abstract  In Horticulture and Forestry, soil sickness or replant problem reduces the yields. It is combination of diseases and disorders of complex etiologies and cannot be attributed to any one factor. Usually cultural practices, allelopathy and the microbial community play an important role. Soil sickness is the main problem in Horticulture (peach, grape, apple, watermelon etc.), and forestry (Australian pine, Chinese fir, locust, poplar, eucalyptus etc.). This review discusses the problems of soil sickness in Horticulture and Forestry plantations and the role of rhizosphere microorganisms and allelopathy. The mechanisms of soil sickness and methods to overcome this problem have also been discussed.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Amino acid, community structure, cucumber, Fusarium spp., organic acid, PCR, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, root exudates, sugar.
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Effects of cucumber root exudates components on Fusarium spp. community structure and abundance
  • Pages - 73-82
  • X. Jin, Y.J. Shi, X. Ge, D.L. Li, J. Wang, K. Pan, F.Z. Wu and X.G. Zhou
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  • View Abstract  In a microcosm experiment, soils were treated with selected cucumber root exudates components and the soil Fusarium spp. community structure and abundance were estimated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR, respectively. Results showed that all added organic compounds (Glucose, succinic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid and glutamic acid) changed the soil Fusarium spp. community structure. The p-Coumaric acid, glucose, succinic acid and glutamic acid decreased the Shannon-Wiener and Evenness indices. The p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, succinic acid and glutamic acid also decreased the soil Fusarium spp. community abundance. Treatment with p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid had higher diversity indices but lower abundance of Fusarium spp. community than treatment with succinic acid and glutamic acid.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Crop rotation, Cucumis sativus, Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC, fungal community, rhizosphere.
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Effects of crop rotation with wild rocket on cucumber seedling rhizosphere fungal community composition
  • Pages - 83-92
  • X. Jin, D.D. Pan, J.H. Zhang, D.L. Li, K. Pan*, F.Z. Wu and X.G. Zhou
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  • View Abstract  In pot culture, we evaluated the effects of wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Brassicaceae) rotation on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) rhizosphere fungal community composition. Cucumber rhizosphere fungal composition was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 regions of the fungal rRNA gene. Results showed that rotation with wild rocket changed the cucumber seedling rhizosphere fungal community composition but did not influence the fungal community alpha diversity. Crop rotation increased the relative abundances of class Dothideomycetes but decreased the class Zygomycetes in cucumber rhizosphere. In cucumber rhizosphere, the crop rotation also increased the relative abundances of Gibellulopsis, Myrothecium but decreased Mortierella, Chaetomium, Ilyonectria, Thielavia and Arachnomyces spp.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Autotoxicity, community diversity, cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., PCR, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, rhizosphere soil, Trichoderma spp.
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Effects of p-hydroxybenzoic acid on cucumber rhizosphere Trichoderma spp. community structure and abundance
  • Pages - 93-102
  • H. Gao, Y.J. Shi, X. Jin, J. Wang, F.Z. Wu and X.G. Zhou
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The cucumber seedlings grown in soil were treated with different concentrations of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic autotoxin of cucumber. We determined the cucumber rhizosphere Trichoderma spp. community structure and abundance by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR targeting the ITS regions, respectively. Results showed that all concentrations of p-hydroxybenzoic acid changed the Trichoderma community structure in the cucumber rhizosphere. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid also increased the Trichoderma spp. community diversity and abundance and this increased with increasing concentrations


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Bacterial community, Cucumis sativus L., Illumina sequencing, rhizosphere soil
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Characterization of cucumber rhizosphere bacterial community with high-throughput amplicon sequencing
  • Pages - 103-112
  • H.T. Jia, J.Y. Liu, Y.J. Shi, D.L. Li, F.Z. Wu and X.G. Zhou
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Cucumber rhizosphere and bulk soils were sampled from a greenhouse, which has been continuously monocropped with cucumber. Bacterial community composition was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes on an Illumina Miseq platform. A total of 211,027 quality sequences were obtained and were classified into more than 1,800 Operational taxonomic units at the 97% sequence similarity. Cucumber rhizosphere soil sample had lower bacterial alpha diversity than bulk soil sample. Bacterial community composition also differed between the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Rhizosphere soil sample was dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla and classes of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria. Compared with the bulk soil, cucumber rhizosphere soil had higher relative abundances of Bacillus, Lysobacter, Streptomyces, Microbacterium and Rhizobium spp. and lower relative abundances of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Sphingomonas and Microvirga spp. (P < 0.05).


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. potato-onion, radicle elongation, seed germination, seedling growth, tomato, volatiles.
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Effects of volatiles from potato-onion on tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
  • Pages - 113-118
  • X.Y. Gong, F. Yang, M.Q. Li, D.M. Gao and F.Z. Wu
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  • View Abstract  We determined the effects of volatiles from potato-onion on tomato seed germination and growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), the causal agent of tomato Fusarium wilt. The high concentrations of volatiles from dry roots of potato-onion inhibited the tomato seed germination, while, the high concentrations of volatiles from fresh and dry leaves and roots of potato-onion reduced the radicle elongation and fresh weight in tomato seedlings. All volatiles from fresh and dry leaves of potato-onion also inhibited the growth of FOL, while volatiles from roots had no effects.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Allium cepa var. agrogatum, flavonoids, fungus, fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum, inhibitory effect, potato-onion, tomato
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Effects of flavonoids from potato-onion on Fusarium wilt fungus of tomato
  • Pages - 119-126
  • F. Yang, M.Q. Li, Y.Y. Xin, D.M. Gao and F.Z. Wu
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied, the effects of total flavonoids extracted from potato-onion on the Fusarium wilt fungus (Fusarium oxysporum (Sch1) f. sp. Lycopersici (Sacc) Snyder et Hansen) of tomato. Total flavonoids extracted from the potato-onion decreased the spore germination and their growth. The degree of inhibition was concentration dependent.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Bacteria, diversity, Fungi, PCR-DGGE, phenological phases, plant age, red raspberry, rhizosphere soil, Rubus idaeus, season.
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Bacterial and fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Heritage)
  • Pages - 127-136
  • G.H. Yang, R.N. Hou, W. Zhang, J.J. Qu, H.X. Li, H.Z. Dou, G. Cheng and D.G. Han
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of autumn fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Heritage) plants of different plant ages and phenological phases using the PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) method. The diversity of bacteria and fungi did not show significant variations among the plants of different ages but varied with phenological phases. The bacterial diversity reached maximum at budding phase, while fungal diversity was maximum at leaf expansion phase and fruit maturity phase. The stability of bacterial community was higher than that of fungi.


May, 2019  Volume (47 - 1)
Allelopathy, Allium cepa L., aqueous extracts, continuous cropping, cotton, cotton, Cuminum cyminum, Gossypium hirsutum L., intercropping, onion, seed germination, seedling growth.
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Allelopathic effects of onion and cumin on cotton growth and soil phenolics content
  • Pages - 137-148
  • X.Z. Sun and J.G. Liu
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We evaluated the effects of water extracts of onion (Allium cepa L., Amaryllidaceae) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum L., Apiaceae) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination and seedling growth. Besides we studied the effects of intercropping of onion and cumin soil phenolic acid content. Results showed that water extract of cumin at 10 and 20 g/L increased the cotton seedling root activity, but at 40 and 60 g/L decreased the cotton seed germination, seedling root fresh weight, shoot height and root activity. Water extract of onion at 10 and 20 g/L increased cotton root fresh weight and root activity, while at 20 g/L, increased the cotton shoot height, but at 60 g/L decreased its root length, shoot height and root activity. All concentrations of water extract of cumin (10-60 g/L) increased the MDA content in cotton seedlings but water extract of onion at 20 g/L decreased the MDA content in cotton seedlings. Intercropping of cumin and onion reduced the contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid in long-term continuously monocropped cotton soils.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Autotoxicity, autotoxins, continuous cropping problem, crops, medicinal plants, forest plants, weeds
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Plant Autotoxicity Review. Part 2: Families Caryophyllaceae to Leguminosae
  • Pages - 149-166
  • H.M. Liu and L.J. Zhou
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Autotoxicity is one of the reasons that causes the continuous cropping problem in plants. It not only inhibits the growth of plants but also leads to some soil borne diseases, causes autotoxic soil and low crop yields. In this paper, 32 plant species from 29 genera in 11 families causing autotoxicity have been briefly reviewed. Their autotoxicity leads to continuous cropping problem for agricultural crops or medicinal plants, or the difficulty in regeneration of forest plant species. The 11 families are: Caryophyllaceae, Casuarinaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cistaceae, Crassulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fagaceae, Gentianaceae, Juncaceae, Labiatae and Leguminosae.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelopathic rice, allelopathy, CAT, enzymes, inhibition, molecular response, non-allelopathic rice, Oryza sativa L., physiological trait, PDO, rice, SOD, weed competition
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Physiological and molecular features of allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice in response to weed competition
  • Pages - 167-180
  • H.B. Wang, Q. Zhang, Z.H. Lin, J.Y. Li, S.X. Lin, L. Ding, H.B. He
  • View 
  • View Abstract  To determine the physiological costs of rice against weeds, a field study was done to evaluate the physiological and molecular traits of allelopathic rice PI312777 (PI) and non-allelopathic rice Lemont (LE). Results showed that the allelopathic rice variety caused >70% inhibition in paddy weeds than non-allelopathic rice variety. The protective enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), was higher in the roots and leaves of PI compared with LE, at the 3-, 5-, and 7-leaf stages, both with and without weed-removal treatment. The photosynthetic indices of PI leaves were significantly higher than those of LE, in the non-weeded treatment. Levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glycolate oxidase were higher and gene expression was up-regulated in the leaves of both PI and LE, when grown in non-weeded field plots compared with weed-removal treatment. At the same leaf stages, the enzyme levels and gene expression were significantly higher in PI leaves compared with LE leaves. Similarly, at the same growth stages expression of six genes related to nutrients (N, P and K) absorption and utilization was higher in PI than in LE in both roots and leaves. The heat values of leaves, shoots and roots at all three leaf stages were significantly higher in PI compared with LE. These results clarified the question about physiological costs of rice against paddy weeds, suggested that under weeds stress, the allelopathic rice PI have higher nutrients absorption/utilization and photosynthetic efficiency by up-regulating those relative genes to obtain greater organic substances.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, germination, introduced spp., invasion resistance, leachates, native spp., phenolics acids, Quercus acutissima, Rhus typhina, Robinia pseudoacacia, seedling growth.
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Allelopathic effects of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima on the exotic plant Rhus typhina in Shandong Peninsula
  • Pages - 181-194
  • Yu, N.X, Li, C.W., Zhu, P, Zhang, J.L, Zhang, P, and Hou, Y.P
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We compared the allelopathic effects of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima on the exotic plant Rhus typhina in Shandong Peninsula, China. We identified the phenolic acids in R. pseudoacacia and Q. acutissima soils to explore the allelopathic mechanism of community resistance to invasion. The Petri dish filter paper bioassay was done to test the allelopathic effects of aqueous litter leachates of R. pseudoacacia and Q. acutissima. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the composition and concentrations of phenolic acids in the R. pseudoacacia and Q. acutissima soil. Only Q. acutissima litter leachates significantly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa. Q. acutissima litter leachates at high concentrations, significantly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of R. typhina. While, R. pseudoacacia litter leachates had no inhibitory effect on L. sativa, but reduced the germination speed index of R. typhina. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic acids concentration (except salicylic acid) in the Q. acutissima soil was higher than in R. pseudoacacia soil. It may be hypothesized that the native species Q. acutissima produced more allelochemicals than the introduced species R. pseudoacacia (American origin), thereby inhibiting the growth and development of exotic R. typhina plant and improving the invasion resistance of plant community. Therefore, we could use some native dominant species such as Q. acutissima, for local afforestation to control invasion of exotic plants.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Alien plant, allelopathy, Amorpha fruticosa, bioassay, biomass, community invasibility, Phytolacca americana, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, pot culture, Quercus acutissima, Rhus chinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, soil properties
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Allelopathic effects of seven common species on the growth of alien invasive plant Phytolacca americana
  • Pages - 195-208
  • P.D. Chen, Y.P. Hou, W. Wei, X. Lu, L.P. Han and G.Y. Ni
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We hypothesized that some dominant plant species can regulate the community invasibility via allelopathy. We studied the allelopathic effects of seven common plant species, 4- Asian species (Quercus acutissima, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, and Rhus chinensis) and 3-American species (Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa) on the performance of invasive species Phytolacca americana in Lab. bioassay and pot culture experiments. We found that the allelopathy of 7-common species significantly differed and exerted variable effects on the soil properties (soil pH, available nutrients, and nitrogen cycle) and had variable allelopathic effects on the growth of P. americana. The changes in soil properties due to allelopathy were more important, as they affected the aboveground and belowground biomass accumulation of recipient invasive species by change in the biomass allocation strategies. The results suggested that the influence of dominant plants on the soil environment via allelopathy partly determines the community invasibility.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelochemical, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Amaranthus retroflexus, bioassay, Conyza canadensis, herbicidal activity, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, Mikania micrantha, Periploca sepium, Humulus Scandens, Portulaca oleracea, seed germination, seedlings growth, Setaria viridis, toxicity, weed
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Herbicidal activity of allelochemicals from the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge
  • Pages - 209-220
  • S. Su, Z.F. Wang, Y.F. Zeng, X.H. Shi, H. Yang, H.Q. Cao, X.X. Wang and Y. Li
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This study aimed to examine the role of the allelochemicals in the root bark of Periploca sepium Bunge in weed management. The allelochemical was isolated using a bioactivity-guided method and characterised as 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde by 1H and 13C 1D NMR spectroscopic data. The herbicidal activity of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde against 6 common weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Humulus Scandens, Conyza canadensis, Mikania micrantha, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria viridis) was evaluated in growth bioassays, contact bioassays and rooting bioassays. The Application of 2-hydroxy-4- methoxy-benzaldehyde at 1mg/ml completely inhibited the seeds germination and also significantly inhibited the growth of taproot and caulis in test weeds. The results of contact bioassays showed dose-dependent toxicity of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde to the leaves of all test weeds. The test weeds leaves wilted, after the treatment and the injured leaves did not recover. With the decreasing concentration of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde, the toxicity symptoms of the tested on leaves were gradually reduced. Besides, the rooting bioassays results showed that 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde at 0.0625 mg/ml concentration significantly inhibited the rooting in Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb. To conclude, 2-hydroxy-4- methoxybenzaldehyde might be a potential broad-spectrum herbicide.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Ash, bark pH, Betula pendula, birch, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus exelsior, hazel, HPLC, Hypogymnia physodes, lichen compounds, Picea abies, plant phenolics, Salix alba, secondary compounds, spruce, willow, woody host species.
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Host species affects the phenolic compounds content in Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. thalli
  • Pages - 221-232
  • E. Latkowska, J. Bialczyk, M. Wegrzyn and U. Erychleb
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the differences in the concentration of secondary metabolites in Hypogymnia physodes thalli, growing on various woody species and the relationship between the content of these compounds and chemical properties of the host bark, i.e., pH and concentration of plant phenolics. The quantitative variations in the accumulation of physodalic, 3-hydroxyphysodic, physodic acids and atranorin in thalli from deciduous (willow, ash, birch and hazel) and coniferous (spruce) species were determined by HPLC method. The total lichen substance content varied from 11.5% to 14.4% of thallus dry weight depending on the host species. The accumulation of physodic acid, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, physodalic acid and atranorin in the thalli ranged 30-57%, 22-29%, 7-24% and 6-24% of the total secondary metabolites content, respectively. Physodalic acid and atranorin levels were highest in thalli growing on willow, but 3-hydroxyphysodic acid and physodic acid contents were highest in thalli on spruce and ash bark, respectively. Bark phenolics had significant effects on physodalic and physodic acids content, while bark pH - on 3-hydroxyphysodic acid content. Our results suggested that species-specific bark characteristics affects the production of secondary metabolites in epiphytic lichens. These findings indicate significant role of substratum in regulation of secondary compounds production in lichens.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelopathy, Amaranthus retroflexus, bioherbicide, limonene, ß-myrcene, Poa annua, VOC, volatile oil, Xanthium sibiricum.
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Allelopathic potential of volatile organic compounds released by Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder
  • Pages - 233-242
  • J.S. Tang, C.Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, X.Y. Zhang, H. Shao, and C. Zhang
  • View 
  • View Abstract  To evaluate whether Xanthium sibiricum releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to facilitate its dominance via allelopathy, we investigated the chemical composition and the allelopathic activity of its VOCs, volatile oil and 2 major constituents of the oil. In total 21 compounds (accounting for 96.59% of the total oil) were identified with GC-MS. The most abundant compounds were : limonene (56.89%), ß-myrcene (26.23%), cadina-1,4-diene (4.50%) and sabinene (1.83%). These 4 compounds represented 89.45% of the total oil, whereas, other compounds < 1% in the oil. Fresh aerial parts of X. sibiricum at 80 g/1.5L in an air-tight container suppressed the root growth of receiver plants Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Poa annua L. by 49.1% and 69.6%, respectively. The volatile oil exhibited strong inhibitory activity to seedling growth of both species; at 5µg/mL, root elongation of A. retroflexus was nearly completely inhibited, whileP. annua was suppressed by 81.5%. However, the most abundant constituents, i.e. ß-myrcene and limonene and their mixture, showed much weaker activity than oil, these inhibited the root growth of A. retroflexus by 24.5 %, 59.6 % and 44.8 %, respectively and P. annua by 25.1 %, 60.5 % and 44.5 %, respectively. Our results indicated that VOCs produced by X. sibirium might contribute to its dominance, and it has the potential to be further explored as a bioherbicide.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Azadirachta indica, antimycotic potential, chemicals characterization, Citrus reticulata, FT-IR analysis, GC-MS analysis, kinnow fruit, Penicillium digitatum, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy)
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Chemical characterization and antimycotic potential of Azadirachta indica L. leaf extracts against Penicillium digitatum of kinnow fruit
  • Pages - 243-256
  • Charu Maini, Ritu Tandon, Anu Kalia and Harpreet Kaur
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We assessed the antimycotic potential of various ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves against the post-harvest fungus P. digitatum of Kinnow (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of various active compounds [phytol (13.14 %), lycoxanthin (8.55 %) in powdered ethanol extract (PEE) and 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z)- (43.5 %), 9 a-Fluoro-17 a-methyl-4-androsten-3 a,6 ß,11 ß,17 ß-tetra-ol (13.07%) in partitioned fresh ethanol extract (PFEE)]. Absorption spectra were measured in 1000-4000 cm-1 domain using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). PFEE had greater antimycotic potential against the test pathogen P. digitatum than PEE as evident from reduction in colony number and diameter. The optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of extract-pathogen post interaction events also showed a biocidal effect on fungal hyphae showing swollen, perforated and collapsed hyphae with other distortions, probably caused by these allelochemicals.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Amino acid, microcosm experiment, organic acid, sugar, Trichoderma spp.
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Effects of selected cucumber root exudates components on soil Trichoderma spp. communities
  • Pages - 257-266
  • X.G. Zhou, J. Wang, X. Jin, D.L. Li, Y.J. Shi and F.Z. Wu
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In a microcosm experiment, soils were treated with selected cucumber root exudates components (glucose, succinic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid and glutamic acid) at 20 µg C/g soil. The Soil Trichoderma spp. community structure and abundance were estimated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR, respectively. Results showed that all exogenously added organic compounds changed the structure and increased the diversity indices of soil Trichoderma spp. community. Among all tested organic compounds, glucose had the strongest, while, p-hydroxybenzoic acid had the weakest influence on soil Trichoderma spp. community structure. p-Hydroxy benzoic acid, glucose, succinic acid and glutamic acid increased the soil Trichoderma spp. community abundance with glucose being the best.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, antioxidant enzymes, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, orchard grass, common broom oxidative stress, plant invasion, soil extracts
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Plant responses to wide-range polarity extracts from invasive Acacia dealbata Link
  • Pages - 267-282
  • Pablo Souza-Alonso, Carolina González Puig and Luís González
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the A. dealbata extracts exert allelopathic effects on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa L., Dactylis glomerata L. and the native shrub Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. using realistic phytochemical concentrations. Oxidative stress parameters on C. scoparius were measured. Chemical compounds from flowers, roots and soils were sequentially extracted using solvents with increasing polarity: dichloromethane (DCM), acetone, methanol and water. DCM and acetone fractions affected germination and radicle length of the tested species. Non polar fractions affected the H2O2 levels, protein and malondialdehyde content but not the enzymatic activities from the oxidative metabolism. Soil and root extracts were highly bioactive than extracts from flowers (commonly considered as most bioactive material). This study showed that direct toxicity under natural conditions, may have minor relevance because of the main role of phytochemicals concentration. Our findings also suggested that responses were species- dependent and oxidative stress did not affect the early growth of C. scoparius.


July, 2019  Volume (47 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, aqueous extracts, Isatis tinctoria, Juglans regia L., leaf, physiological responses, seedling growth.
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Allelopathic effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extracts on seedling growth of Isatis tinctoria L.
  • Pages - 283-294
  • Qian Li, Zh. J. Sun, Sh. X. Zhang, J.L. Liu and K.M. Zhang
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous leaf extracts from Juglans regia L. on growth (seedling growth and biomass) and physiological parameters (photosynthesis, chlorophyll, soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline, malondialdehyde content) and enzymatic activities (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes) of Isatis tinctoria. The lowest concentration of e aqueous extract (0.005 g/mL) stimulated the seedling growth and biomass accumulation. All concentrations assayed (0.005 g/mL, 0.05 g/mL and 0.1 g/mL) inhibited the respiration rate, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content of Isatis tinctoria seedlings. However, they also increased the intercellular CO2 of Isatis tinctoria seedlings. The contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline, malondialdehyde content and the activities of the peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes varied with leaf extract concentrations.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic plant, allelopathy, Alpinia zerumbet, bioactivities, DK, DDK, essential oils, pathogen, phenolics, weeds
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Allelopathic Plants: 26. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. (Zingiberaceae)
  • Pages - 1-14
  • T.D. Xuan*, N.V. Quan, N.T. Quan1, R. Rayee, T.D. Khanh1, H.D. Tran2 and N.T. Trung3
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    This review describes the bioactivities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, fungistatic, insecticidal, and herbicidal activities of the Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.). It is rich in total phenolics (2-20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and essential oils (150 mg/g fresh weight (FW)). Principal bioactive constituents also include dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain (DDK) (80-410 mg/g FW) and 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) (10-100 mg/g FW), these are responsible for its allelopathic activity. The synthesis of derivatives from DDK, DK and essential oils from A. zerumbet might be promising to develop eco-friendly pesticides.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelopathy, allelochemicals, bioregulator, brassinosteroids, growth regulators, strigolactone analogues, strigolactone mimics, synthetic bioregulators
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Allelochemicals as growth regulators: A review
  • Pages - 15-26
  • S.L. He†, S.Q. Wang†, Q.Y. Wang1†, C. Y. Zhang2, Y.M. Zhang, T.Y. Liu, S.X. Yang3, Y. Kuang3, Y.X. Zhang, J.Y. Han*and J.C. Qin*
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    Allelopathy has been interweaved with agriculture and the use of allelochemicals as growth regulator is of great interest. Some allelochemicals (agrostemin, triacontanol, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid) act as growth regulators when applied at low concentrations. This review summarizes the allelochemicals used as natural growth regulators and also includes the synthetic bioregulators (brassinosteroid/ strigolactone analogues; strigolactone mimics).


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, bioassay, Celosia argentea, Cockscomb, ecology, Lepidium sativum, methanolic extract, ornamental, phenolic, phytotoxic, weed
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Potent phenolic allelochemicals from Celosia argentea var. cristata L. leaf extract based on bioactive fractions
  • Pages - 27-34
  • S. Perveen, M.N. Mushtaq1*, M. Yousaf, M.R. Waqas1, M.R. Ashraf1, M.I. Awan2, S. Hashim3 and I. Koodkaew4
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    We studied the phytotoxic allelopathic potential of Celosia argentea var. cristata L. against Lepidium sativum L. and identified the allelochemicals in its methanolic leaf extract using bioassay guided fractionation. The results revealed that cockscomb leaf extract fractions were phytotoxic at very low concentration (≥ 50 ppm). The most bioactive fractions were purified for isolation and identification of allelochemicals. Seven potent phenolic allelochemicals (p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) were identified by LCMS. The results suggested that allelochemicals play critical role in phytotoxic allelopathic effects of Celosia argentea in floriculture, natural and in agroecosystems.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Auxin, Bidons pilosa, ELISA, Endogenous hormones, healthy plants, infected plants, interspecific competitive ability, Mikania micrantha wilt virus.
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Effects of Mikania micrantha wilt virus on endogenous hormones and interspecific competitive ability in Mikania micrantha H.B.K.
  • Pages - 35-44
  • Z.H. Ma1,6, M.E.A. Elzaki2, K.J. Guo3, C.X. Fang4, Z. Qin1,5, H.Y. Ji1,6, Y.J. Su1,6 and R.L. Wang1,6*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We compared the content of endogenous hormones [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA)] and auxin in Mikania micrantha wilt virus (MMWV) infected and healthy plants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 days after infection. The results showed that there was positive correlation between the magnitude of plant disease and the content of IAA, GA3, CTK and auxin in MMWV-infected plants. The content of ABA in MMWV-infected plants accumulated continuously with the increase in inoculation time and was constantly higher than in healthy plants. The ratios of IAA/ABA and GA3/ABA in the MMWV-infected plants were significantly lower than in healthy plants, which indicated that MMWV infection disrupted the balance of endogenous hormones and altered the growth and development of plants. Furthermore, the competition experiment was done to investigate the effects of MMWV on the interspecific competitive ability of M. micrantha with its coexisting plant Bidens pilosa L. The results indicated that MMWV-infected plants were less competitive against B. pilosa than healthy plants. These results suggested that the poor growth of M. micrantha after infection may be closely related to the decrease in IAA, GA3, CTK and auxin and the increase in ABA, which weakened the competitive ability.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelopathy, Bidens pilosa, carbinol, chemical compounds, Dicranopteris dichotoma, GCMS, Eupatorium catarium, interaction, invasive species, leaf, N-trimethane, native species, root, seeds germination, seedling growth, stem.
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Allelopathic effects of native plant species Dicranopteris dichotoma on invasive species Bidens pilosa and Eupatorium catarium
  • Pages - 45-58
  • Gul Juma§, Ying Zhang1,§, Qiang Liu*, Yong Yang, Xu-Ping Wang, Shan Yang and Nasiruddin2
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the inhibitory effects of native plant Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thunb.) Bernh on the growth and development of two invasive weed species i.e. Bidens pilosa L. and Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp in Hainan Province, China. The effects of aqueous extracts of leaf, stem and root of D. dichotoma were examined on the seeds germination and seedlings growth of two invasive test species. Increasing extracts concentration of leave, stem and root of D. dichotoma decreased the root length, shoot length and dry weight of E. catarium as well as B. pilosa. The 1.5 % leaf extract of D. dichotoma proved most inhibitory to seeds germination, survival rate and dry weight of E. catarium, while inhibitory to seeds germination, survival rate, root and shoot length, and dry weight of B. pilosa. GC-MS analysis revealed the highest percentage of 2,3-Butanediol (34.65 %) in N-trimethane extract while in carbinol leave extract phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- (28.36 %) was present in highest percentage. In N-trimethane extract of stem, the highest percentage was of 2,3-Butanediol (78.14 %). While in carbinol stem extract, there was highest percentage of Dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (41.52 %). In the root extract of N-trimethane the highest percentage was of 2,3-Butanediol, (R-(R*,R*)- (91.68 %). In carbinol root extract, the highest percentage was of Dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (69.25 %). Allelopathic effects of extracts from this native plant D. dichotoma on two invasive species may be caused by the high concentration of compounds identified by GC-MS analysis.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelopathic activity, Brassica campestris L. spp. chinensis, Brassica campestris L., Brassica rapa pekinensis, chemical composition, Clitoria ternatea L., Cucumis sativus L., Eruca sativa Mill., essential oil, GCMS, Geranium wilfordii Maxim., germination, leaf, Lolium perenne L., Portulaca oleracea L., root, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., seed, seedling growth.
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Chemical composition and allelopathic activity of essential oils from Geranium wilfordii Maxim.
  • Pages - 59-68
  • S.Q. Wang†, Y.M. Zhang†, F. Liu, Q.Y. Wang, S. X. Yang2, D.S. Wei1, J.Z. Sun1, S.L. He1, Y.X. Zhang1, J.Y. Han1* and J.C. Qin*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Essential oils from fresh roots and leaves of G. wilfordii were analysed by Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 43 and 33 compounds were identified from roots and leaves, respectively. Germacrone was the most abundant compound in oils of both root (45.27%) and leaf (20.22%). Besides, cyclohexanone (24.14%) and ß-eudesmol (4.18%) were the main components of root oil, while ledol (18.82%) and ß-elemenone (14.65%) were the major compounds in leaf oil. The allelopathic potential of these oils was tested on seed germination of 9-plants [Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee, Brassica rapa pekinensis, Brassica campestris L., Cucumis sativus L., Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Eruca sativa Mill., Lolium perenne L., Clitoria ternatea L. and Portulaca oleracea L]. The seeds of Brassica campestris were the most susceptible to both oils of root and leaf, with RI values lower than -0.93. Furthermore, root oil led to RI values -0.97 for the root length of B. campestris and -0.88 for the shoot length of Lolium perenne. The seedling growth of B. campestris L. and Clitoria ternatea L. exposed to leaf oil showed RI values of about -1. These results suggested that essential oils of G. wilfordii can be used as plant growth regulators.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelochemicals, Aspergillus japonicas, barnyard grass, Echinochloa crusgalli, herbicidal effects, microbial allelopathy, natural herbicides, Oryza sativa, rice, Secalonic acids,
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Herbicidal effects of allelochemicals produced by Aspergillus japonicas on growth of Oryza sativa and Echinochloa crusgalli
  • Pages - 69-78
  • Chengzhen Gu, 1Xianling Gong, 2Jing Lv, Shaozhi Sun, Mohammed Esmail Abdalla Elzaki,1Xiyong Zhang, Yuan-yuan Song and Ren-Sen Zeng1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We isolated, 5- allelochemicals [secalonic acids (H, I, G, D, F)] from the culture broth of Aspergillus japonicas. Among them secalonic acid H (I), I (II) and G (III) were isolated for the first time from Aspergillus. These secalonic acids showed inhibitory effects on root and shoot growth of rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli). Secalonic acids H, I and G completely inhibited the root growth of barnyard grass at 0.15-0.3 mM concentrations. Meanwhile, the shoot growth of rice was affected by I and G at 0.038 mM concentrations and inhibited by D and F at 0.15 mM concentrations. Thus natural products produced by microorganisms may serve as an important source for new pesticides.


September, 2019  Volume (48 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, Bacillus subtilis., catalase, PGPB, peroxidase, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosemary.
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Minimizing the allelopathic effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on intercropped wheat by plant growth promoting bacteria
  • Pages - 79-88
  • D. Prabha, N. Bisht, P.D. Singh, Y. K. Negi1* and J.S. Chauhan
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We assessed the potential of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. to minimize the allelopathic effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) on intercropped wheat (Triticum astivum L) plants. Blotter paper test revealed three superior strains (Pf-19, Pf-37 and BS-56) among the 10 selected PGPB strains. Rosemary leaf extract reduced the growth of intercropped wheat plants. The application of the selected bacterial strains, however, significantly reduced the allelopathic effects and stimulated the seed germination and seedling vigour. Among the different treatments, combined treatment of two PGPBs (Pf-37 + Bs-56) showed best results to promote wheat growth and reduce the allelopathic effects of rosemary on wheat seedlings.


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