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Showing 1553 articles

November, 2016  Volume (39 - 2)
Allelochemicals, bioassay, forest, leachate, litter, Quercus variabilis, Pinus tabuliformis, root length, seed germination, seedling growth.
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Allelochemicals in Quercus variabilis forest leachates
  • Pages - 231-242
  • Dengzhi Wang and Lishui Nie1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Allelochemicals of leachates collected from the litter layers of a Quercus variabilis stand, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In natural leachate of forest floor litter, aliphatic acids, phenolic acids, alcohol ether and esters were identified Bioassay of leachates of was also done to determine the allelopathic potential on seed germination and root length of Pinus tabuliformis. Prolonged exposure to Leachates inhibited seed germination and root length development of P. tabuliformis, while seeds germination and root length was stimulated when seeds were soaked in leachate and then germinated in water.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelochemicals, aqueous extracts, autotoxins, phenolic compounds, roots exudates, seedling growth, Solanum lycopersicum,tomato.
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Effects of tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) plant part extracts, root exudate and tomato grown soil extract on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato
  • Pages - 10-Jan
  • ZHANG ENPING, ZHANG SHUHONG* and LI LIANGLIANG
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    We determined the effects of aqueous extracts of decomposing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant parts, its root exudates and aqueous extract of soil from the continuously tomato cropped field soil on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato. It was found that all the extracts inhibited both germination and seedling growth to varying levels and the inhibition was concentration dependant. The HPLC analysis of plant part extracts and the root exudates for various phenolics, showed that they contained the phenolic compounds with allelopathic properties. The inhibition of seed germination and plant growth, therefore, appeared to be due to these phenolics allelochemcials in the tomato plants.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, aqueous extracts, Capsicum annuum, phytotoxic effects, potential allelochemicals, rootexudates, test plant.
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Potential allelopathic effects of allelochemicals in aqueous extracts of leaves and root exudates of Capsicum annuumon vegetable crops
  • Pages - 22-Nov
  • HAIYAN SUN 1,2 and YAN WANG 2,*
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  • View Abstract 

    Phytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of leaf (control (CK), 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 %, w/v) and root exudates (CK, 10d, 20d, 30d, 40d, 50d) of Capsicum annuumwere studied under laboratory condition on seed germination and seedling growth of 6 test vegetable crops [Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.)]. Both aqueous extracts and root exudates inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, and their inhibitory effects increased with increasing concentration and increase in the duration of cultivation time. In aqueous extracts of leaves and root exudates of C. annum, 28-compounds (alkanes, phthalate ester, phenols anilines and carboxylic acid) were isolated and identified by GCand GC-MS. The bioactivity of 15-suspected allelochemicals were studied on seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa. Two main inhibitory substances, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, phthalic acid, were found as potential allelochemicals of Capsicum annuum, with inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce. Both N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, phthalic acid, showed separate and synergetic potential allelopathic effects.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, antagonistic microbes, eggplants, grafting, rhizosphere, root exudates, Verticillium wilt.
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Effects of three allelochemicals on Verticillium dahliae antagonistic microbes in eggplant rhizosphere
  • Pages - 23-34
  • Y.L. YIN 1, B.L. ZHOU *and Y.P. TANG 1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The effects of myristic acid, palmitic acid and dibutyl phthalate found in the root exudates of grafted eggplant and non-grafted eggplants were investigated on the number of Verticillium dahliae and its antagonistic microbes in the rhizosphere of eggplants. These chemicals significantly increased the number of antagonistic microbes and also inhibited the multiplication of V. dahliae in the eggplant rhizosphere. The inhibitory effect of these three chemicals on V. dahliae was highest (RI=0.178) at 0.05 0.5 and 5 mmol·L -1 concentrations, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the antagonistic microbes and V. dahliae in the eggplant rhizosphere. There was hoever a close relationship between the component changes in the root exudates of eggplant and the antagonistic microbes in the rhizosphere. The allelochemical contents and their interactions influenced the intensity of allelopathic effect.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelochemicals, autotoxins, autotoxicity, continuous cropping, Lanzhou lily, Lilium davidii, monoculture, phthalic acid, replant problem, root exudates.
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Identification of autotoxins from root exudates of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var.unicolor )
  • Pages - 35-48
  • Z. J. WU, Z. K. XIE *, L. YANG, R. Y. WANG, Z. H. GUO, Y. B. ZHANG, L. WANG and H. R. KUTCHER
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  • View Abstract  Replant problem is a serious production constraint in continuously cropped Lanzhou lily ( Lilium davidii var.unicolor ), an edible bulb lily. However, relatively little is known about the autotoxins that cause replant problems of lily. Autotoxins from root exudates of lily were collected using XAD-4 resin, analyzed by GC-MS and quantified in soil by HPLC. Radicle growth of lettuce was significantly inhibited by lily root exudates and the degree of inhibition increased with increasing concentration of exudates. In the most phytotoxic fraction, most of the compounds were phenolic and aliphatic acids and phthalic acid was dominant. The identified phytotoxic allelochemicals were phthalic, adipic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. In in vitro tissue culture assay of lily, phthalic and adipic acids were very autotoxic to lily. As the number of years of continuous lily monoculture increased, so did the concentrations of phthalic acid in soil (from 9.73 to 27.73 µg·g -1 dry soil, after 3 years cropping). It was concluded that phthalic acid was released in large quantities from roots and accumulated in soil with the increase in duration of monoculture. Phthalic acid may be one of the major factors causing replant problem inlily.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelopathy, bacteria, Cucumis sativusL., fungi, microbial communities, rhizosphere, seedling, vanillin
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Effects of vanillin on rhizosphere microbial communities of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.) seedlings
  • Pages - 49-60
  • XINGANG ZHOU 1, FENGZHI WU *and WENSHENG XIANG 1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Cucumber seedlings grown in soil were treated with different concentrations of vanillin (0.02-0.2 µmol/g soil). The rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal community structures and their abundances were analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative PCR, respectively. The vanillin at 0.1 and 0.2 µmol/g soil significantly reduced the cucumber seedling biomass. All concentrations of vanillin increased the abundances of soil bacteria and fungal communities but decreased the bacteria-to-fungi ratio. Vanillin changed the soil bacterial and fungal community structures, decreased the richness, evenness and diversity indices of soil bacterial community but increased that of fungal community. Principal component analysis showed that the fungal community structure was dependent on the vanillin concentration, however, 4-concentrations of vanillin (0.02-0.2 µmol/g soil) had similar bacterial community structure. This study showed that vanillin changed the soil microbial communities and that bacterial and fungal communities responded differently to exogenous vanillin.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelopathy, autotoxicity, continuous cropping, Fragaria × ananassa Duch., malondialdehyde content, phenolic acid, plant growth, root activity, strawberry, superoxide dismutase activity .
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Allelopathic effects of phenolic acids on the growth and physiological characteristics of strawberry plants
  • Pages - 61-76
  • H. Q. LI 1,2# , L. L. ZHANG 1# , X. W. JIANG 2and Q. Z. LIU 1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In this study, phenolic acids in soils used for thecontinuous cropping of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for different years were investigated. The effects on plant growth and root activity, superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content of strawberry plants at different phenolic acid levels were also determined in simulation field experiments, inwhich exogenous phenolic acids were added to potted soils. The p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid were the main phenolic acids detected in the soils used for the continuous cropping of strawberry. Phenolic acids content in the soil increased with the increase in the duration of continuous cropping. Each phenolic acid at lower concentrations stimulated the length and dry weightof shoots and roots, root activity and superoxide dismutase activity of strawberry plants but contrarily, these parameters were inhibited at higher concentrations. All concentrations of phenolic acid mixture also inhibited these parameters. The increase in concentrations of each phenolic acid decreased the malondialdehyde content initially andthen increased, but the increase in the phenolic acids mixture concentration increased the malondialdehyde content. This study indicated that phenolic acids may be implicated in the autotoxicity of strawberry, they influence the plant growth and physiological characteristics. Furthermore, these effects were concentration and synergy dependent.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelopathy, lettuce, phytotoxicity, redroot pigweed, ryegrass, Syrian rue, xanthatin, xanthinin, Xanthium italicum.
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Selective phytotoxicity of xanthinin and xanthatin from invasive weed Xanthium italicum Morretti on test plants
  • Pages - 77-86
  • H. SHAO 1, R.S. ZENG 2, R.L. WANG 3, B.C. ZHANG 1and C. ZHANG *
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  • View Abstract  Two phytotoxic xanthanolides, xanthinin and xanthatin, were isolated from the leaves and fruits of invasive weed, Xanthium italicumMorretti, commonly known as Italian cocklebur. They slightly inhibited the seedling growth of Italian cocklebur, but were very inhibitory to lettuce, ryegrass and two indigenous species (African rue and redroot pigweed). Xanthinin significantly decreased the growth of lettuce (Lectuca sativa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiforum Lam.), Syrian rue (Peganum harmala L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) even at low concentration (10 µg/mL). In contrast, the root length of Italian cocklebur slightly inhibited (2%) compared to control at 50 µg/mL xanthinin treatment. The application of xanthatin also inhibited the growth of receiver plants. Ryegrass and Syrian rue were most sensitive species, whose root growth was inhibited by 78% and 96%, respectively, at 50 µg/mL dose of xanthatin, while the root length of Italian cocklebur was only inhibited by 23%. In fact, Italian cocklebur was the only receiver species that survived at 1 mg/mL xanthatin and xanthinin treatment. Our results suggested that the selective phytotoxicity of Italian cocklebur and other species facilitated its successful invasion. This is the first report on the phytotoxic activity of xanthatin.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelopathic potential, bioassay, biocontrol, faba bean, growth, Brassica campestris, growth,Mikania micrantha, Mikania micrantha wilt virus, mustard, radish, Raphanus sativus, tree spp. Vicia faba
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Influence of Mikania micranthawilt virus on growth, reproduction and allelopathic potential of its host
  • Pages - 87-96
  • GUOQING WANG 1,2, KE YUAN1,2, SHU ZHANG1,2 and RUILONG WANG1,2*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the Mikania micrantha wilt virus and found that this wilt virus inhibited the growth of M. micrantha. The MMWV did not infect the 15 plants species from 11 families (neighboring plants of M. micrantha). The MMWV infection did not change the allelopathic potential of leaf aqueous leachates and dried leaf litter of M.micrantha. Chemical composition of leachates obtained from healthy and MMWV-infected leaves of M. micrantha was investigated by GC-MS. Twenty-two components were identified and the MMWV infection significantly changed their contents. When MMWV was present, the floret numbers of M. micrantha significantly decreased from 11862/0.25 m2 to 2334/0.25 m2 and seed production from 3060/0.25 m2 to 716/0.25 m2. These results indicated that MMWV could be used as a biocontrol agent against M. micrantha.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Abscisic acid, allelopathy, antioxidant enzyme, lipid peroxidation, pendimethalin
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Allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annus) water extracts to reduce the pendimethalin herbicide doseto control Chenopodium albumin corn (Zea mays)
  • Pages - 97-108
  • ROZBEH FARHOUDI *and DONG-JIN LEE
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In field studies, we evaluated the combinations of sunflower (Helianthus annus) extract and reduced doses of herbicide pendimethalin to control Chenopodium album in corn field. The experimental treatments were: control, pendimethalin full dose (600 mL ha -1 ), pendimethalin half dose (300 mL ha -1 ), sunflower extracts (10 and 20%), pendimethalin half dose + 10% sunflower extract and pendimethalin half dose + 20% sunflower extract. Combinations of sunflower extract (20%) with pendimethalin half dose, drastically decreased the C. album density and seedling weight (81.3% and 82.8 % inhibition over control) than other treatments except pendimethalin full dose. The minimum LAI ofC. albumwas with pendimethalin full dose (75.5 %) and pendimethalin half dose + 20% sunflower extract (71 %). Pendimetalin full dose and pendimethalin half dose + 20% sunflower extract decreased the photosynthesis to 59% and 55% of control, respectively. All treatments increased the ABA contents inC. album seedling, but the highest ABA content was with pendimethalin full dose (74.7%) and pendimethalin half dose + 20% sunflower extract treatments (75.4 % over the control). We concluded that the phytotoxic effects of sunflower extract tank mix with pendimethalin could reduce the herbicide doses for C. albumcontrol.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
We studies the seasonal dynamics of phenolics in leaves, litter and soil of the dominant host tree oak (Quercus robur L.) growing with ectomycorrhizal fungi truffles (T. macrosporum) in oak forest (Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum roboris Jov. et Tomic1979) near River Danube, near Belgrade. In litter, the highest content of free phenolics was in April (primordial growth period of truffles) and bound phenolics in August (truffles ripening- start of harvest). Due to intensive decomposition of forest litter during the vegetative growth period, free phenolic acids increased and the bound phenolic acids decreased. There was reduction in ratio of bound cinnamic to benzoic acids, it indicated the microbial degradation of lignin and the transformation of cinnamic derivatives into benzoic acid derivatives. In the top soil layer, where the majority of truffle fruit bodies were found (28.31 kg/ha/year), the free phenolics (direct influence on truffle growth and development) contents were up to 58.36 µg/g. As the mycelia and fruit bodies of truffle grow in phenolic-rich forest soil, hence, we assumed that the truffle is well-adapted to high phenolics content.
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Effects of seasonal dynamics of phenolics in oak forest on truffles (Tuber macrosporum Vitt.)
  • Pages - 109-128
  • L. DJURDJEVIC *, G. GAJIC, S. JARIC, O. KOSTIC, M. PAVLOVIC, P. PAVLOVIC and M. MITROVIC
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studies the seasonal dynamics of phenolics in leaves, litter and soil of the dominant host tree oak (Quercus robur L.) growing with ectomycorrhizal fungi truffles (T. macrosporum) in oak forest (Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum roboris Jov. et Tomic1979) near River Danube, near Belgrade. In litter, the highest content of free phenolics was in April (primordial growth period of truffles) and bound phenolics in August (truffles ripening- start of harvest). Due to intensive decomposition of forest litter during the vegetative growth period, free phenolic acids increased and the bound phenolic acids decreased. There was reduction in ratio of bound cinnamic to benzoic acids, it indicated the microbial degradation of lignin and the transformation of cinnamic derivatives into benzoic acid derivatives. In the top soil layer, where the majority of truffle fruit bodies were found (28.31 kg/ha/year), the free phenolics (direct influence on truffle growth and development) contents were up to 58.36 µg/g. As the mycelia and fruit bodies of truffle grow in phenolic-rich forest soil, hence, we assumed that the truffle is well-adapted to high phenolics content.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Bark, condensed tannins, Hypogymnia physodes, lichen, lichen-plant interactions, phenolics, Picea abies, secondary metabolites.
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Allelopathic effects of epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes(L.) Nyl. colonization on the spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) bark
  • Pages - 129-138
  • E. LATKOWSKA *, E. CHRAPUSTA, B. BOBER, A. KAMINSKI, M. ADAMSKI and J. BIALCZYK
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We examined the allelopathic response of young living spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) bark to colonization by the lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., expressed in enhanced accumulation of phenolic compounds. Total phenolics accumulation in lichen-occupied bark was 55% higher than in control, but only at sites where thalli were in direct contact with bark. Lichen colonization led to higher accumulation of non-tannin (40%) and tannin (75%) phenolic fractions. Content of extractable condensed tannins increased by 76% in bark with lichens (BWL) over the control. Condensed tannins in the solid residue remaining after the extraction were 4.9% dry weight (DW) in control and 5.6% DW in BWL. Total mass of extractable and non-extractable condensed tannins increased by 36% than control. The paper discusses the role of carbon pool derived from primary metabolites and directed to the phenylpropanoid pathway, responsible for synthesis of phenolic compounds. The share of carbon pool not used in the growth process due to inhibition by lichen metabolites and also not used in protein synthesis (decreased by 84% in BWL) may be directed to production of plant phenolics.


January, 2015  Volume (35 - 1)
Allelopathy, Anthosachne aprica, Bromus diandrus, Dactylis glomerata, germination inhibition, invasive species, native grasses, Poa colensoi, Thymus vulgaris,Vulpia myuros var. megalura
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Germination and growth responses of co-occurring grass species to soil from under invasive Thymus vulgaris
  • Pages - 139-152
  • J. A. NIELSEN *, R. D. FREW 1, P. A. WHIGAM 2, R. M. CALLAWAY 3and K. J. M. DICKINSON
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Identifying the mechanisms underlying invasion success is important for our understanding of why some exotic plants negatively impact the biodiversity and functioning of only certain ecosystems. Allelopathy is one potential mechanism of invasion in which invasive plants produce secondary compounds (allelochemicals) that inhibit the growth of nearby organisms. Thymus vulgaris L.is an aromatic perennial, endemic to the western Mediterranean, which in its native range affects other species via allelopathy, but overall appears to facilitate native diversity. Thymus vulgaris has invaded thousands of hectares of Central Otago,southern New Zealand where it grows at high densities in relatively monocultural communities in which native species are less common than exotic species.We examined the effects of soil collected from under thyme and from away from thyme, from both north- and southfacing slopes, on the germination and seedling biomass of three common exotic (Bromus diandrus Roth, Dactylis glomerata L. andVulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. var. megalura (Nutt.) Auquier) and two common native (Anthosachne aprica(Á.Löve et Connor) C.Yen et J.L.Yang, Poa colensoi Hook.f.) thyme-associated grass species. We detected small quantities of the allelochemicalsthymol and carvacrol in soil under thyme. Soil from under thyme had no effect on germination rates or seedling growth for either native or exotic grasses. Native grasses had inherently lower germination rates and seedling biomass than exotic grasses, andthese differences between natives and exotics were the most striking in our results.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelochemicals, antioxidant enzyme, autotoxicity, continuously monocropped cotton, phenolic acids, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, seedling growth, vanillin
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Allelochemicals from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) rhizosphere soil: Inhibitory effects on cotton seedlings
  • Pages - 153-162
  • JIANG GUI-YING, LIU JIAN-GUO* and LI YAN-BIN
  • View 
  • View Abstract 

    We identified 4-phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and vanillin) in soil extracts from long term cotton monocropping fields. There were significant differences in phenolic acids concentrations among the fields with different cultivation history. Gallic acid concentrations in soil increased with long period of cotton cultivation. In contrast, the concentrations of both ferulic acid and vanillin were highest in the 5-yr continuous cotton cropped treatments. Total phenolic acids concentrations increased during the first 10-yrs of monocropped cotton but then declined. At 0.5 to 2g/L concentrations, the four phenolic acids significantly inhibited the growth, enzyme activities (SOD and MDA), and root activity of cotton seedlings. At lower concentrations (0.125 g/L), p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin increased the growth of cotton seedlings.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Benzyl benzoate, eggplant, enzymes, GC-MS, grafting, root exudates, seed germination, seedling growth, Solanum melongena, Verticillium dahlia, Verticillium wilt
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Effects of grafting on root exudates of eggplant and allelopathy of benzyl benzoate on seedling growth
  • Pages - 163-174
  • N. LIU, B.L. ZHOU1, B LU2and W.M. ZHU*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the composition of root exudates released by grafted eggplants differed not only from the non-grafted eggplants but also from the tomato rootstock plants. Ten chemical classes were isolated and identified in root exudates of grafted eggplants. The effects of benzyl benzoate identified in root exudates of grafted eggplant were determined at 0.05 to 4.0 mmol•L-1 concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of eggplant. The benzyl benzoate stimulated the seed germination and seedling growth of eggplant. However, benzyl benzoate inhibited the malondialdehyde (MDA) content 0.05 to 1 mmol L-1., but stimulated it > 0.5 mmol·L-1. POD activities were enhanced in all treatments. The PAL activities were higher than control (CK) from 0.05 to 0.1 mmol·L-1, but lower than CK from 0.5 to 4.0 mmol·L-1.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Benzoic acid, chs V, cinnamic acid, Cucumis melo L., disease incidence, expression, ferulic acid, Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum, muskmelon, mycelial growth, Phenolic acids, qRT-PCR. root exudates, spore germination
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Effects of phenolic compounds of muskmelon root exudates on growth and pathogenic gene expression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
  • Pages - 175-186
  • R. X. YANG*, Z. G. GAO*, X. LIU1, Y. YAO, Y. CHENG2, J. HUANG3 and M. I. MCDERMOTT3
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of ferulic acid, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid, found in the muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) root exudates, on spore germination and mycelial growth of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. All three phenolics stimulated the spore germination at 0.1 and 0.25 mmol·L-1, while mycelial growth was stimulated significantly by ferulic acid at 0.5 mmol·L-1. Pot experiments demonstrated that cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and ferulic acid enhanced the muskmelon infection at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mmol·L-1. Using qRT-PCR the expression of the chs V gene of F. oxysporum f. sp. melon (Fochs V.), previously implicated in plant microbial pathogenicity was found to be increased in response to these three phenolic acids.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelochemical, allelopathic effects, Al toxicity, brassinosteroid, cucumber, Cucumis sativus, 24-Epibrassinolide, H+ stress, nitrogen assimilation, seedlings.
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Allelopathic effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on nitrogen assimilation in cucumber seedlings under acid stress and aluminum toxicity
  • Pages - 187-196
  • HE SONG, GUANGYUAN PAN, CHENGYU WANG, JINCHUANG WANG and ZHAORONG DONG
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Soil acidification due to excess use of nitrogen fertilisers in Chinese greenhouses is threatening the vegetable production through aluminum (Al) toxicity and low pH stress. We examined the changes in N assimilation in cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L. cv. LuMing No. 1) under Al toxicity and H+ stress in presence/absence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), a potent allelochemical. Al toxicity suppressed the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) but not glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), causing the accumulation of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) in plants and reducing the shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plants height. H+ stress did not affect the plant growth but slightly altered the N assimilation pathway with significant increase in NR and GS/GOGAT activity and drastic decline in GDH activity. The spray of EBL on plant shoots, overcame the growth inhibition of Al toxicity through elevating the antioxidant capacity and enhancing the N assimilation enzymes, but had no effect on N assimilation in plants subjected to H+ stress. In acidic soils, Al3+ stress instead of H+ stress significantly suppressed the nitrogen assimilation by vegetable crops and exogenous EBL alleviated the adverse effects of Al toxicity on nitrogen assimilation.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Biolog-ECO, Lantana camara, plant invasion, soil chemical properties, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial communities
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Influence of Lantana camara on soil I. Effects on soil chemical properties, enzymes and microorganisms
  • Pages - 197-206
  • RUILONG WANG1,2†, GUOMING QUAN 3†, XIAOWU KANG†, JIAEN ZHANG1,2,* and ZHONG QIN1,2,
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We compared the soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and the diversity of soil microorganisms in control soil, rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil beneath the L. camara invaded area. L. camara invasion significantly increased contents of the soil organic matter, total N,P,K, available N,P and K and also enhanced the level and activities of urease, protease, invertase, cellulase and catalase. The BIOLOG results showed that Shannon index, McIntosh index, Simpson index and Richness index of the rhizosphere soil microbial communities were significantly higher than those of non-rhizosphere and control soil. L. camara invasion thus modified the soil characteristics which in turn favour its invasion.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
AWCD, Biological invasions, BIOLOG-ECO, Lantana camara, leaf, litter, litter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, soil nutrients
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Influence of Lantana camara on soil II. Effects of Lantana camara leaf litter on plants and soil properties
  • Pages - 207-216
  • RUILONG WANG1,2†, XIAOWU KANG1†, GUOMING QUAN 2,3†, JIAEN ZHANG1,2,*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We determined the impact of Lantana camara leaf litter on seedling growth of Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, Bidens pilosa, Bidens bipinnata and Urena lobata and assessed changes in soil enzymes and soil chemical properties after 40-day litter decomposition. The shoot height and total biomass of each test plant, 40 days after transplanting were measured. Functional diversity of soil microbial community was determined by BIOLOG-ECO plates. The activity of soil microbial community was analyzed using the Average Well Color Development (AWCD). Decomposed L. camara leaf litter significantly inhibited the growth of all the test plants, and significantly increased the level of soil urease, invertase, protease, catalase and cellulase, and the contents of soil organic matter, total N, P, K, available N, P and K. The BIOLOG results indicated that Shannon index, McIntosh index, Simpson index and Richness index of microbial communities in soil samples were also higher in the treatments with increasing levels of L. camara leaf litter.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelopathy, Brassica napus, germination, Lolium perenne, phenolics, phytotoxicity, secondary metabolites, Solidago canadensis
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Secondary metabolite accumulation and phytotoxicity of invasive species Solidago canadensis L. during the growth period
  • Pages - 217-226
  • L. BALEŽENTIENE
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae) is successful invader specie worldwide. We determined the biochemical parameters of S. Canadensis, involved in its invasion success. In its aqueous extracts, the total phenolics content (TPC) ranged between 0.968 mg ml-1 to 23.591 mg ml-1 depending on the plant ontogenetic stage, plant part and extract concentration (r = -0.7). The extract significantly inhibited the germination of rapeseed (r =-0.8) and ryegrass (r =-0.5) across different levels of TPC. Due to accumulated allelochemicals, the invasive S. canadensis, might acquire distribution advantage in new territories outside the native habitat range, through the inhibitory effects on germination of native plant species.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Alcoholic extract, allelopathic, extracts, Pteridium aquilinum, Poa pratensis, seed germination, seedling growth.
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Allelopathic effects of Pteridium aquilinum alcoholic extract on seed germination and seedling growth of Poa pratensis
  • Pages - 227-236
  • M. BUTNARIU*, I. SAMFIRA, I. SARAC, A. NEGREA1 and P. NEGREA1
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  • View Abstract  The effects of P. aquilinum alcoholic extract on germination, growth and development of P. pratensis seedlings were examined. The extract decreased the germination and seedling growth, decreased chlorophyll, caretenoid and protein content depending on the extract concentration. Increasing concentrations decreased all these parameters proportionately simulating the effects of allelopathy in ecosystem. The GCMS analysis of alcoholic extract showed the presence of pterosin B and pterosin F which are inhibitory to the seed germination and development P. pratensis.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelopathic potential, gel permeation chromatography, germination, growth, inhibition, leaf extracts, microRNA 166, Molecular biology, Myrcia guianensis, Myrtaceae, Phabulosa gene, Phavoluta gene, Revoluta gene, root development, Short-root gene, SHR, HD-ZIP III, sorghum.
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Effects of leaf extracts of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. on growth and gene expression during root development of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
  • Pages - 237-248
  • D.M. FRANCO, L.L. SALDANHA1, E.M. SILVA2, F.T.S. NOGUEIRA2,3, A.L. DOKKEDAL1, C. SANTOS4 and L.F. ROLIM DE ALMEIDA*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The allelopathic potential of leaf extracts from the medicinal plant Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. was studied in Petri dish bioassays on sorghum and determined the seed germination, germination rate index (GRI), root growth, secondary root number, the genes involved in root development (SHR, PHB, PHV and REV) and microRNA 166 that regulates these genes. The hydroalcoholic extract was more inhibitory than methanol extract (moderate inhibition) and aqueous extract at 25 and 100% concentration were least inhibitory. Application of higher dose of hydroalcoholic M. guianenesis leaf extracts on sorghum seeds, inhibited the root development and changed the expression of SHR and PHB genes and microRNA 166. This suggested that the expression of these genes could be indicator of allelopathic potential for inhibition of root development in sorghum.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelochemicals, caffeic acid, growth inhibition, joint action, Microcystis aeruginosa, nonanoic acid, N-phenyl-1- naphtylamine.
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Joint effects of allelochemical nonanoic acid, N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine and caffeic acid on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa
  • Pages - 249-258
  • Y. N. GAO1, B. Y. LIU*, F. J. GE, Y. HE, Z. Y. LU, Q. H. ZHOU, Y.Y. ZHANG and Z. B. WU
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  • View Abstract  We studied the combined effects of 3-allelochemicals: nonanoic acid (NA); N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine (PNA) and caffeic acid (CA) on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa in 2-experiments. In experiment I, the combined effects of 12 mixture groups prepared from these 3-test allelochemicals were studied on M. aeruginosa growth. The combined toxicity of mixtures with equal concentration ratio showed synergism and the joint inhibitory effects became weaker with increase in caffeic acid proportion in the mixtures. These results indicated that two major factors to affect the joint effects of allelochemicals were: mixing ratios and the individual activity of allelochemical. In experiment II, the combined effects were determined on the growth of M. aeruginosa for 9-days. The inhibition ratio of all mixtures increased over time and the highest inhibition was on 7th or 8th day. The joint toxicity of 3-allelochemicals was time dependent and the 72 h (3 day) exposure tests under estimated the joint inhibitory effects of allelochemicals. The results were helpful to reveal the allelopathy mechanisms at ecologically levels and control cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water bodies.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Allelochemicals, aneugenic, clastogenic, Eucalyptus essential oil, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus grandis, lettuce, Lactuca sativa, mitotic index, root growth, shoot length, terpenes
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Phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Eucalyptus essential oil on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
  • Pages - 259-272
  • F. B. ARAGÃO1, M. J. PALMIERI2, A. FERREIRA3, A. V. COSTA1, V. T. QUEIROZ1, P. F. PINHEIRO1 and L. F. ANDRADE-VIEIRA2*
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  • View Abstract  Eucalyptus essential oil has wide spectrum of biological activity, hence, could be explored as potential source of allelochemicals for natural, selective herbicidal formulations. This work aimed to determine the chemical compositions of Eucalyptus grandis and E. citriodora, presence of allelochemicals in their essential oils and their effects on germination, root tips and meristematic cells of Lactuca sativa. The major components found in E. grandis were monoterpene hydrocarbons (a-pinene, ?-terpinene and p-cymene), while in E. citriodora oxygenated monoterpenes (citronellal, geraniol, ß-citronellol) were present. The essential oil of both eucalyptus species decreased the germination (%), seedling growth (root and shoot length), mitotic index and the frequency of viable cells. The essential oils also caused alterations in normal structure of nuclei, characterized by condensed nuclei and chromosome aberrations The mechanisms of action of these allelochemicals are discussed.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Cereal aphids, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, oxidative stress
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Antioxidant defence based on glutathione in grain aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.) and the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi: Responses to the host plant alteration
  • Pages - 273-284
  • I. LUKASIK*, S. GOLAWSKA, H. SYTYKIEWICZ and B. LESZCZYNSKI
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  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of host plants on the level of glutathione (GSH) and GSH-based enzymes in tissues of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). We found that the transfer of aphids from winter wheat to the winter triticale caused significant decrease in GSH contents in their tissues. The activities of GSH-dependent enzymes - glutathione S-transferase (GST), Se-independent glutathione peroxidase (GSTpx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were induced after alterating the one’s diet. The less susceptible triticale Witon cultivar affected the GSH content and GSTpx activity in S. avenae more than the more susceptible triticale Tornado cultivar Witon cultivar. GST and GR activities in cereal aphids were similarly affected by the two studied triticale cultivars. Our results indicated that modulation of antioxidant mechanisms based on GSH plays major role in the interactions between the aphids and their host plants.


April, 2015  Volume (35 - 2)
Abscisic acid, allelochemicals, allelopathy, amylase, enzymes, flavonoids, germination, GA3, phenolics, Portulaca oleracea, sage, Salvia macrochlamys,
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Allelopathic effects of Sage (Salvia macrochlamys) extract on germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds
  • Pages - 285-296
  • M. E. EREZ* and M. FIDAN
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  • View Abstract  We studies the allelopathic effects of Sage (Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. et Kotschy) aerial parts on the germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds. Germination of P. oleracea seeds was inhibited by methanol extract of S. macrochlamys at concentrations > 2.5 %. The extract concentrations and germination period significantly influenced the protein profiles of germinated seeds. The increasing concentrations of extract decreased the amylase activity of germinating seeds. The control and lower concentration (2.5%) of extracts increased the gibberellic acid (GA3) levels but higher concentrations (5% and 10%) did not increase GA3 levels. The application of higher extracts concentrations (5 % and 10 %) decreased the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in P. oleracea seeds. Therefore, different germination response of P. oleracea seeds to applied sage extracts could be due to the perturbed GA3 and ABA amounts and ratio, which further influenced the changes in activities of a- amylase. The main allelochemicals in S. macrochylamis extracts were phenolic compounds and fatty acids.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathy, interference, laboratory bioassay, pasture species, seedling
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Allelopathic potential of invasive parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) seedlings on grassland species in Australia
  • Pages - 14-Jan
  • A. BELGERI1 and S. W. ADKINS*
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  • View Abstract 

    The allelopathic nature of adult Parthenium hysterophorus L. (parthenium weed) plants, suppressing the growth and development of its near neighbours, has been implicated in its success as an important invader around the world. This study for the first time, evaluates the allelopathic potential of parthenium weed seedlings, comparing its impacts upon seven introduced and four native Australian grassland species using the ‘plant box’ method (10). Results showed a species-specific response, often with the growth of native species being more affected than introduced species and root growth more affected than shoot growth. The native grasses [curly windmill grass (Enteropogon acicularis L.; 59% inhibition) and cotton panic grass (Digitaria brownii L.; 54% inhibition)] were the most affected, while the introduced [Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana L.; 0% inhibition), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.; 8% inhibition) and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.; 9% inhibition)] were the least affected in their root growth. These results suggested that parthenium weed is capable of interfering with the growth of neighbouring seedlings even at very early stages of growth. The response found for buffel grass may partially explain why this introduced pasture grass has been found successful in suppressing the growth of parthenium weed in the field.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Invasion, Mimosa pudica, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial community, soil physical-chemical property
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Changes in soil physico-chemical properties, enzyme activities and soil microbial communities under Mimosa pudica invasion
  • Pages - 15-24
  • RUILONG WANG1,2†, TINGTING DAI1,2†, GUOMING QUAN1,2,3† and JIAEN ZHANG1,2*
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  • View Abstract  We studied the activity of soil enzymes, soil physico-chemical properties and soil microbial communities in 4-areas divided according to the invasive intensity of Mimosa pudica. Soil organic matter, pH, total N, P, and K, available N contents were higher in the heavily invaded area than those in the newly invaded area, non-invaded area or native vegetation area. Compared to the native vegetation area, M. pudica invasion significantly increased the soil urease, invertase, protease, catalase and cellulase in the heavily invaded area. Soil microbial community functional diversity was studied and compared using BIOLOG-ECO plates. The BIOLOG results indicated that Shannon index, McIntosh index, Simpson index and Richness index of microbial communities in the heavily invaded area and newly invaded area were higher than those in the non-invaded area. But the Pielou’s evenness index in the heavily invaded area and newly invaded area were lower than that in the non-invaded area. Our results indicate that M. pudica changes the soil physico-chemical properties and soil microbial communities, thus creating favorable soil environment to benefit its further invasion.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathy, Cistus ladanifer L., diterpenes, flavonoids, leaf leachate, litter decomposition, litter leachate.
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Routes of incorporation of phytotoxic compounds of Cistus ladanifer L. into soil
  • Pages - 25-36
  • N. CHAVES*, T. SOSA, C. VALARES and J. C. ALÍAS
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  • View Abstract  In previous studies we found that phenolic compounds and constituent diterpenes from Cistus ladanifer L. exudate are toxic and harmful to germination and growth of herbaceous plants. The results of this study showed that diterpenes and flavonoids from C. ladanifer plants are incorporated into the soil by different routes. Rainwater collected under the shrub showed that diterpenes are mainly incorporated through leaching of leaves and litter, whereas the flavonoids enter the soil through litter degradation. The long retention of these compounds in litter will maintain their phytotoxic levels for prolonged periods of time, without the need for continuous supply of these compounds from the plant.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathy, Echinochloa crus-galli L., growth inhibition, Oryza sativa L.,
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Allelopathic potential of improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties against Echinochloa crus-galli L.
  • Pages - 37-48
  • A.S. RANAGALAGE and D.L. WATHUGALA*
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  • View Abstract  This study was done to evaluate the allelopathic abilities of 40-Sri Lankan improved rice varieties to control the Echinochloa crus-galli L. (Barnyard grassBYG) using rice/BYG mixed cultures in trays, Double Pot Technique test and a field experiment. In tray experiment, significant inhibition in plant height and dry weight were observed in rice/BYG mixed-cultures than monoculture controls. Varieties which showed highest and lowest inhibition (%) in tray experiment were further tested in Double Pot Technique test and later in field experiment. Among the 40 rice varieties, Ld 365, Ld 368, Ld 408 and Ld 356 proved most inhibitory to BYG growth and 40% inhibition in BYG dry matter accumulation. Hence, these varieties can be used for further allelopathic studies.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathy, grape vine, inhibition, rhizosphere, root exudates, salicylic acid, soil bacteria, soil fungi, stimulation, Vitis vinifera L
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Effects of Salicylic acid on grape plants and the soil microbial community
  • Pages - 49-62
  • B. WANG, X. W. GUO, K. LI, X. HAN, S. J. XU, Z. D. LIU, Y. S. GUO and H. G. XIE (China).
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  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of salicylic acid (SA) on grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.) plants, its content in grape root exudates and effects on soil microbial community. Grape vine roots secrete SA but its concentration in the root exudates decreases, when the plants were exposed to exogenously added SA. Lower concentrations of exogenously added SA, stimulated the vine growth but was inhibitory at higher concentrations. There was no direct correlation between the inhibitory effects of SA on plant growth and the diversity of soil bacterial or fungal community structure. Exogenously added SA changed the root exudate composition, which further influenced the soil bacterial metabolic activity, and changed the functions of bacterial communities, which might be related to plant growth.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, corn, germination, Glycine max, Panax notoginseng, seedling growth, soybean, Zea mays
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Allelopathic effects of Panax notoginseng plant extracts on germination and seedling growth of soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays)
  • Pages - 63-74
  • K.M. LI, Y.S. BAO, and Z.L. ZHANG (China).
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of seeds and different parts of P. notoginseng on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays). In soybean, leaf extracts hastened the germination and significantly stimulated the shoot and root length than other extracts, the mean stimulation rate in shoot length was 90%, 49%, 50% and 20% with extracts of leaf, stem, root and seed, respectively. While in root length, it was 70%, 29%, 43% and 18% at extracts of leaf, stem, root and seed, respectively. In corn, the minimum germination was observed with P. notoginseng leaf extracts. Corn seeds treated with leaf extract showed the maximum shoot and root length than stem, root and seed extracts and P. notoginseng seed extract strongly increased the dry weight than other extracts, the mean increasing rate of dry weight reached 7.0%, 0.64%, 8.3% and 22% at extracts of leaf, stem, root and seed respectively. The mean sensitivity index (MSI) indicated that P. notoginseng extracts inhibited the corn seed germination but slightly stimulated the seedling growth. These extracts stimulated both soybean seed germination and seedling growth. The results suggested that the P. notoginseng extracts contain allelochemicals, which affect the germination and seedling growth of corn and soybean, and sowing of soybean instead of corn is a practical approach to avoid inhibition in P. notoginseng cropped soil.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Yellow sweetclover; water extract; chromatographic separation; GC-MS; allelochemicals; coumarin
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Isolation and identification of potential allelochemicals in water extract of yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis)
  • Pages - 75-86
  • C. X. WU*, G. Q. ZHAO, and S. J. LIU
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  • View Abstract  This study aimed to isolate and identify the main allelochemicals in yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Desr.) water extract. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the potential allelochemicals in water extract. Among the organic solvent extracts, the petroleum ether extract of yellow sweetclover water extract exhibited the highest biological allelopathic activity, followed by ethyl acetate extract. Coumarin was the main allelochemical in the petroleum ether extract. The ethyl acetate extract of yellow sweetclover water extract contained various allelochemicals, and coumarin content was highest, followed by 6-(3-hydroxy -but-1-enyl)-1,5,5-trimethyl- 7oxabicyclo[4,1,0]heptan-2-ol, chromanone, 2,6-di-tertbutyl-p-cresol, trimethyl phosphate and other substances. Ethyl acetate extract was further fractionated into 3- layers: upper, middle and lower layers. Coumarin content was highest in upper layer. The ethyl acetate extract and three fractions proved allelopathic to Italian ryegrass. The ethyl acetate extract was most inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth of Italian ryegrass than other fractions (p < 0.05). The fractions in the upper layer of the ethyl acetate extract were second most inhibitory, more inhibitory even than other two layers (p < 0.05). These results suggested that coumarin play major role in phytotoxic effects of yellow sweetclover water extract.


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