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Showing 1553 articles

July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Activated charcoal, allelochemicals, antioxidants, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, water deficit.
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Effects of rice residues and water deficit on growth and metabolism of Triticum aestivum L.
  • Pages - 87-102
  • NIMISHA AMIST, N. B. SINGH* and KAVITA YADAV
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the morphological and physiological processes of wheat seedlings under the influence of rice residue with and without water stress. Phenolic contents increased in the rice residues amended soil but decreased by activated charcoal (AC). Seedling emergence decreased with increase in dose of rice residue. Wheat seedlings height, dry weight, relative water content and pigment content decreased when grown in residue amended soil with and without water stress. The soil incorporated residues significantly decreased the protein content but water deficit alone and with residue incorporated increased the protein content. Higher level of sugar and proline contents was recorded in the water stressed seedlings in comparison to control and activated charcoal treated seedlings. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents increased in the stressed seedlings as compared with that recorded in control and activated charcoal treatments. A concentration dependant increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate and guaiacol peroxidases was observed in the seedlings grown in soil amended with rice residue while combined stresses resulted in gradual decrease. This study helped in obtaining an insight into crop interaction with combined biotic and abiotic stresses and thus may provide a futuristic goal to maintain sustainable agriculture.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, chemical composition, essential oils, Hosta ventricosa, Medicago sativa, Raphanus sativus, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
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Allelopathic effects of essential oil of Hosta ventricosa flowers on seed germination and seedling growth of crops
  • Pages - 103-108
  • D.R. QIU†, D.C.WANG†, I.M. CHUNG3, M.Z. ZHANG, H. CHENG, D.S. WEI4, J.C. QIN* and S.X. YANG2,3*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the flowers of Hosta ventricosa by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty four compounds were identified, representing 98.12 % of total oil. The oil was found rich in organic acid (52.66 %). In petriplate bioassay, the essential oil at high concentration (200mg/m3) significantly inhibited the germination and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus, Triticum aestivum, Medicago sativa, and Zea mays. While low doses (25mg/m3) decreased the germination and partially inhibited the seedling growth of all tested plants.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Attractant, Aulacophora foveicollis, Cucurbitaceae, insect pest, leaf surface alkanes, Momordica cochinchinensis, Y-shaped olfactometer bioassay
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Leaf surface n-alkanes of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng as short-range attractants for its insect pest, Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
  • Pages - 109-122
  • A. MUKHERJEE, N. SARKAR and A. BARIK*
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  • View Abstract  Extraction, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analyses of surface wax n-alkanes of young, mature and senescent leaves of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng (Cucurbitaceae) revealed the presence of 19, 20 and 18 alkanes between n-C15 and n-C35, representing 85.62, 89.11 and 86.66 % of alkanes, respectively. The cuticular alkanes from young, mature and senescent leaves attracted the female insect, Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) between 2-12, 1-12 and 6-12 µg concentrations, respectively; whereas the mixtures of synthetic alkanes mimicking cuticular alkanes of three types of leaves showed attraction between 6-12 µg concentrations in Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassay. Individual synthetic nonadecane, nonacosane, hentriacontane, tritriacontane and pentatriacontane at the minimal amount of 65, 741, 729, 796 and 7144 ng, respectively, elicited attraction of insect. A synthetic blend of 476, 607, 508 and 6689 ng of nonacosane, hentriacontane, tritriacontane and pentatriacontane, respectively, showed highest attraction of insect and could be used as trapping tool for pest management.


July, 2015  Volume (36 - 1)
Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, biocontrol, Golden apple snail, invasive plants, Mikania micrantha, mortality, Pomacea canaliculata, Spartina alterniflora, toxicity, Wedelia trilobata
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Effects of five exotic invasive plants extracts on the survival of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck)
  • Pages - 123-132
  • B.L. ZHAO1, L. FANG1, J.E. ZHANG1*, M. AN2, R.L. WANG1, M. Z. LUO1 and K.M. LIANG
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  • View Abstract  The toxicity of cold water (25±1?) and boiling water extracts of 5-invasive plants including Mikania micrantha (Kunth), Wedelia trilobata (Linnaeus), Ageratum conyzoides (Linnaeus), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Linnaeus) and Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) was examined on mortality of golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck). The cold water extracts were more toxic than boiling water extracts. The toxic potential of tested water extracts followed the order: M. micrantha > W. trilobata > A. conyzoides > A. artemisiifolia > S. alterniflora. The toxicity of water extracts varied with concentration. Among the 5-plants tested, M. micrantha proved most toxic to snails.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelopathy, bioassays, collection, extracts, forestry, leachates, methodology, preparation, samples
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Allelopathy research methods in forestry
  • Pages - 133-166
  • VLADIMIR CABOUN and JACOB JOHN *
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  • View Abstract  Forest ecosystems are very complex with numerous tree species and organisms and dominated by trees. Every part of forest ecosystem plays an important role in its development. In forestry systems, allelopathy affects many aspects of plant ecology [occurrence, growth and plant succession, structure of plant communities, dominance, diversity and plant productivity]. This review explains the allelopathy research methods used in forestry and forest ecosystems.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Angelica, apple, broad bean, Casuarina, Chinese fir, Citrus, coffee, corn, cowpea, cucumber, eggplant, ginger, ginseng, lettuce, microbes, mungbean, nutrients, peach, parsley, pea, peanut, pepper, plant-soil interactions, potato, Rehmania, rice, soil health, soil microbes, soil sickness, soybean, strawberry, sugarcane, taro, tea, tobacco, tomato, watermelon, wheat.
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Soil Sickness : Current Status and Future Perspectives
  • Pages - 167-196
  • T. CHEN 1,2 , S. LIN 1,2 , L.K. WU 1,2 , W.X. LIN 1,2 and D.A. SAMPIETRO 3
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  • View Abstract  In agriculture soil sickness is a major problem, which reduces the crops yield. It is caused by various factors viz., soil nutrients imbalance, autotoxins production and accumulation, changes in soil microbial community structure (development of harmful microbes). Soil sickness is major problenm in Food crops (Rice, wheat, corn, mungbean. soybean etc), Cash ceops (Sugarcane, tobacco, peanut), Vegtetables (Cucumber, eggplant, aspragus, watermelon, muskmelon, tomato, potato, ginger etc), medicinal plants (Rehmania, ginseng, Angelica etc), Fruit trees (Apple, Citrus spp., peach, tea, coffee etc) and forest trees (Chinese fir, Casuarina spp). This review discusses the (i). Problem of soil sickness in various crops, medicinal plants, forestry and horticultural trees in terrestrial cropping and hydroponics, (ii). Role of soil physico-chemical properties, allelopathic autotoxins and rhizosphere microflora, (iii). Mechanism of soil sickness and (iv). Suggest methods to overcome this problem.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Achyranthes bidentata, Biolog, CLPP, continuous monoculture, microbial community, Phospholipid Fatty Acid, PLFA, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, T-RFLP
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Effects of continuous monoculture of Achyranthes bidentata on microbial community structure and functional diversity in soil
  • Pages - 197-212
  • T. CHEN 1, # , J. LI 1, # , L.K. WU 1, S. LIN 1, J.H. WANG 1, Z.F. LI 1, Z.Y. ZHANG 1 and W.X. LIN
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  • View Abstract  We studied the structure and functional diversity of microbial community in soil under long term continuous monoculture of A.bidentata, using the Community-level physiological profiles (CLPP), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Biolog analysis showed that the catabolic diversity of 20-years monoculture was similar to control soil. In PLFA analysis, the Gram (-)/Gram (+) bacterial ratio showed no significant difference among the control and soils of 2-years and 20-years monocultures. The actinomycetes population was higher in 20-years monoculture than control and 2-years monoculture soils. Also, the Cy/Pre ratio (an indicator of physiological stress), was significantly higher in 2-years monoculture soil than control and 20-years monoculture soils. The abundance of probiotic bacteria was higher in 20-years monoculture soil than in 2-years monoculture. These results showed that the soil microbial environment remained in a good state under A. bidentata continuous monoculture system for a long time.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Achyranthes bidentata, monoculture, rhizosphere bacteria, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)
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Effects of continuous monoculture of Achyranthes bidentata on diversity of soil bacterial community
  • Pages - 213-224
  • Y.C. HONG 1, Y.J. DAI, W. XIN 1, Z.F. LIN, C.L. HE, T. WANG, Z.F. LI *
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  • View Abstract  To determine the reasons for increase in the yield and quality of Achyranthes with the increase in years of planting, the soil bacterial community was analyzed using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Results showed that with the increase in the number of years of continuous monoculture, the soil bacterial diversity gradually decreased and the bacteria involved in carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycling accumulated.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Coumarin-3-acetic acid, plant growth regulation, seed germination, seedling growth, sorghum, wheat
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Plant growth regulating activities of coumarin-3-acetic acid derivatives
  • Pages - 225-236
  • F. A. CHATTHA 1* , M. A. MUNAWAR, M. ASHRAF 2,3 , S. KOUSAR, M. U. NISA and QURAT-UL-AIN 3
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  • View Abstract  In the present work plant growth regulating activities of coumarin-3-acetic acid derivatives are reported. A series of coumarin-3-acetic acids were prepared by reacting the phenols with diethyl acetylsuccinate followed by acid hydrolysis. The bioactivity of these compounds were tested on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat and sorghum seeds. Several of these compounds inhibited the seed germination and reduced the shoot and root growth of seedlings than untreated control. All compounds inhibited the shoot and root growth of young seedlings at 1 ppm, however, some stimulated the seedlings growth. At higher concentrations (10 ppm or 100 ppm), seed germination was slightly affected but the shoot and root growth inhibition was more affected. Compounds 2,4,6,7 stimulated the shoot growth but did not effect the root growth.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Ferulic acid, garden pea, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignin, maize, p-coumaric acid, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Pisum sativum L., radish, Raphanus sativus L., root growth inhibition, syringaldazine peroxidase, Zea mays L.
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Enhanced lignification and root growth inhibition induced by ferulic and p-coumaric acids
  • Pages - 237-246
  • J. GMEREK and B. POLITYCKA *
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  • View Abstract  The hydroxycinnamic acids are well-known compounds responsible for plant growth inhibition in allelopathic relationships. In this study, seedling roots of garden pea, sweet maize and radish were subjected to allelopathic stress by treatment with two derivatives of cinnamic acid: ferulic and p-coumaric acids at concentration of 0.5 mM (maize) and 1 mM (pea and radish). In the roots of three test species treated with ferulic and p-coumaric acids, syringaldazine peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.17), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and lignin content were determined. It was found that hydroxycinnamic acids treatments increased the activities of assayed enzymes, which intensified the lignin synthesis. Lignin production was negatively correlated with root growth. It was suggested that the inhibition of root growth induced by ferulic and p-coumaric acids could be due to lignification, which may be a widespread mechanism in plants


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Abscisic acid, allelopathy, forest plants, plant invasion, resistance.
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Abscisic acid contributes to the invasion resistance of native forest community
  • Pages - 247-256
  • JIN-GANG LIU, BAO-MING CHEN and SHAO-LIN PENG *
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  • View Abstract  Previously we found that soil in the late-successional-stage forest exerted the strongest allelopathic effects on invasive plants and soil in this forest had the highest concentration of abscisic acid (ABA). Therefore, we hypothesize that ABA may function as the “chemical shields†of forest communities against non-native invaders. Here we explored the allelopathic effects of ABA on 8-invasive species (Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Eupatorium catarium, Ipomoea triloba, Pharbitis nil, Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Sphagneticola trilobata) in southern China. We found that ABA inhibited the germination and vegetative growth of most test invasive plants and the inhibitory effects were dose-dependent, though the responses of invasive plants to ABA differed in the soil culture and hydroponic culture experiments. We suggest that as succession proceeds, increasing ABA concentrations in soil should provide forests with increasing resistance to invasive plants. Our results provide a direct evidence for how ‘novel’ allelopathic traits of natives may contribute to the resistance to non-native plant invasion.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, aqueous extracts, bioherbicide, crop protection, germination, Lolium multiflorum, mugwort, natural herbicides, seedling growth, Sinapis alba, Triticum aestium, wheat,
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Allelopathic potential of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) to control the Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in winter wheat
  • Pages - 257-272
  • E. PANNACCI *, D. PETTOROSSI, L. REGNI and F.TEI
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic potential of mugwort was evaluated in laboratory, glasshouse and field assays to control the Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Extracts of mugwort inhibited the seed germination and radicle and hypocotyl lengths of Sinapis alba L. and followed the order: leaf extracts > stem extracts > rhizome extracts. The aqueous extract of aerial biomass (leaves + stems) of mugwort at the highest concentration (25% w/v) may be considered as a potent inhibitor of seed germination and plant growth of L. multiflorum. The application of aqueous extract on the soil surface as pre-emergence herbicide was found most effective for maximum efficacy against weeds. However, the bioactivity of mugwort extract in soil decreased with the increase in extract concentration. In field experiments, the mugwort extract (20% w/v) alone gave efficacy of 50% against L. multiflorum; furthermore, the dose of chlorsulfuron was reduced up to 80%, when aqueous extract were added in the spray solution. The mugwort extract alone or in mixture with chlorsulfuron significantly increased the wheat yield in the field. The extract of mugwort used as foliar bioherbicide did not control L. multiflorum.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, Eucalyptus grandis, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, malondialdchyde (MDA), mungbean, radish, Raphanus sativus, roots vitality, seed germination seedling growth, Vigna radiata, volatile compounds.
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Allelopathic effects of volatile compounds from Eucalyptus grandis on Vigna radiata, Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa
  • Pages - 273-282
  • C.Z. WANG, D.J. ZHANG *, J. ZHANG, T.W. JI, Z.Q. TANG and Y.Y. ZHAO
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic effects of 3-relatively abundant volatile compounds [n-octane, 2,4- di-tert-butyl phenol and 2,2'- methylene bis (6-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol)] present in the soil of Eucalyptus grandis plantation (1-10 years old) were studied on the seed germination, seedling growth and two physiological indicators [(seedling’s malondialdehyde (MDA) and roots’ vitality (by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC)] of Vigna radiata, Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa. The inhibitory effects of 2, 4- di-tert-butyl phenol was strongest on the target plants. The three volatile compounds at high concentrations [n-octane,1%; 2,4- di-tert-butyl phenol, 10 mmol/L; 2,2'- methylene bis (6-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol)], 10 mmol/L) inhibited the seed germination, root length, seedling height and the seedling / root fresh weight ratio of Vigna radiata, Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa, but low concentrations were less inhibitory or stimulatory. All three volatile compounds at low concentrations were slightly stimulatory to seedling’s MDA content and were less inhibitory to seedlings roots’ vitality TTC. At low concentrations, the n-octane and 2, 2'- methylene bis (6- tert-butyl -4- methyl phenol) were less stimulatory to the seedlings root’s vitality. However, 2, 2'- methylene bis (6- tert-butyl -4- methyl phenol) even at lower concentrations inhibited the V. radiata seedling’s MDA content


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelopathic effects, aqueous extracts, Calophyllum inophyllum, Casuarina equisetifolia, chemical compounds, litter, native tree species, rhizosphere, root, seeds germination, seedling growth, soil, Thespesia lampas, Vatica mangachapoi.
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Allelopathic effects of Casuarina equisetifolia extracts on seed germination of native tree species
  • Pages - 283-292
  • Z.X. XU 1, Y. ZHANG **1 , Y.YAO, H.M. LI and L. LI *1
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  • View Abstract  To explore the possibility of planting the trees at later stage in C. equisetifolia forest, the effects of root, soil and litter aqueous extracts of C. equisetifolia forests of 3- ages (Young forest : 5-8 y; Middle-aged forest : 15-20 y ; Mature forest: >30 y) were examined on germination of 3-native tree species (Vatica mangachapoi, Thespesia lampas, and Calophyllum inophyllum). The aqueous extracts suppressed the seed germination of above 3-native tree species and the extracts from mature forest rhizosphere soils, were most allelopathic. The inhibitory effects of extracts on C. inophyllum was weaker than on V. mangachapoi and T. lampas. The chemical componetnts in root, rhizosphere soil and litter extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia of different stages were characterized by GC-MS. The number of components found in litter and roots extracts were more than in soil extract.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelopathy, American chestnut,Chinese chestnut, seed germination, seedling growth, UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography)
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Comparative allelopathic potentials of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima)
  • Pages - 303-314
  • J.Y. ZHANG 1,2 , L.J. LIN 3, L. YANG 1, X. RUAN 1, X.J. LI 1, C.D. PAN 2, H. ZHANG 1, G. WANG 4 and Q. WANG 1*
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic potential of American and Chinese chestnut leaves on germination and seedling growth (radicle, plumule, length, dry weight) of dicotyledons (lettuce, radish and cucumber) and monocotyledons (onion, rice and wheat). The allelopathic intensity of water extracts of two chestnuts along with 11 eluting fractions (separated by X-5 macroporous resins) was compared. The most allelopathic fraction of the two water extracts was analyzed by standard substance counter evidence experiment. The water extract of Chinese chestnut leaf was more allelopathic than American chestnut leaf extracts, to inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of cucumber, lettuce, onion, radish, rice and wheat. In bioassays, the 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 elution fractions of both American chestnut and Chinese chestnut extracts contained allelochemicals, and the strongest allelopathic fraction (5:5) contained chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, etc. The differences in chemical ecology characteristics between American chestnut and Chinese chestnut should not be ignored by restoration ecologists.


October, 2015  Volume (36 - 2)
Allelochemicals, bioassay, catalase, chlorophyll, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, phenological stages, superoxide dismutase.
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Allelopathic activity of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia at various phenological stages on sunflower
  • Pages - 315-325
  • AMIT SINGH, DEEPTI SINGH and N.B. SINGH *
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  • View Abstract  The leachates from different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia decreased the growth and biochemical parameters of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. PAC-36) seedlings. In Petri plate assays, the leachates inhibited the germination and seedling growth of sunflower. In soil culture, the leachates decreased the pigments contents, proteins and the nitrate reductase activity. The decrease was maximum in seedlings treated with leachate from the flowering stage and was concentration dependent. Leachates also caused the oxidative stress and stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). However, SOD and CAT activities inhibited the seedlings growth, when treated with the highest concentration of leachate from the flowering stage. Impaired metabolic activity due to leachates decreased the root and shoot lengths of sunflower. N. plumbaginifolia at the flowering stage was most phytotoxic to sunflower.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelochemicals, biorational agrochemicals, crop protection, microbials secondary metabolites, natural products, pests, phytotoxins, toxins.
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Microbial metabolites for development of ecofriendly agrochemicals
  • Pages - 23-Jan
  • SANJAI SAXENA
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  • View Abstract 

    Owing to the enhanced public concern regarding the further use of synthetic chemicals as pesticides, there is a pressing need to explore greener, innovative alternatives to fulfill the ever growing food demand. Microbes are rich source of a variety of chemical compounds leading to development of drugs/pesticides. The huge biodiversity of microorganisms and their ecological interactions with other organisms is an attractive resource for harnessing novel signal molecules, which could help in discovery and development of next generation of agrochemicals. This review examines the possible role of these microbial natural products in development of biorational agrochemicals, which would have least impact on the environment and would also be benign to other non-target organisms.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Antioxidative enzymes, biochemicals, drought stress, oxidative stress,Piper betle, Ricinus communis, Spodoptera litura
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Water stress induced physiological and biochemical changes in Piper betle L. and Ricinus communis L. plants and their effects on Spodoptera litura
  • Pages - 25-41
  • PATHIPATI USHA RANI* and KANUPARTHI PRASANNALAXMI
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  • View Abstract  Plant responds to stresses by developing adaptive changes, which some times are complex and can be synergistically or antagonistically adjusted by the plant defense mechanisms. We studied the abiotic stress induced changes in physiological, biochemical and oxidative level reactions caused by drought stress in Piper betle L. (Piperaceae) and Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) plants and their influence on the feeding performance of herbivore, Spodoptera litura. Under drought stress, the leaf chlorophyll and relative water content (RWC) in both test plants were decreased than controls. In piper and castor plants, the quantitative analysis was carried out on leaf biochemicals (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and phenols) under drought conditions. The decrease in the individual phenolic acids in both plants due to stress caused by water deficit was determined using HPLC analysis. The reduced levels of primary metabolites were evident in both plants, while flavonoid content enhanced along with amino acid content in castor plants. These changes created a favorable environment for S. litura and increased the feeding rate in both drought affected castor and piper plants than their normal plants. Increased levels of antioxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)] in leaves of P. betle and R. communis indicate their defensive and/or protective role against the ROS generated under drought conditions. It was concluded that drought conditions induced the defense responses in both P. betle and R. communis plants, which regulated the herbivore feeding performance.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelochemical, bitter gourd flower surface alkane, Epilachna dodecastigma, Momordica charantia, Y-tube olfactometer bioassay
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Alkanes from bitter gourd as allelochemicals in olfactory responses of Epilachna dodecastigma (Wied.)
  • Pages - 43-51
  • NUPUR SARKAR and ANANDAMAY BARIK*
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory conditions, the alkanes from flower surface waxes of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) and synthetic mixture of alkanes mimicking flower surface wax alkanes elicited attraction of the female insect, Epilachna dodecastigma (Wied.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) between 50-600 µg concentrations, in Y-shaped glass tube olfactometer bioassay. Individual test samples, synthetic tricosane at 30.67 µg, pentacosane from 21.71-32.57 µg, heptacosane from 25.67- 77.01 µg and nonacosane from 53.5-160.50 µg showed attraction to the insect. A synthetic mixture of 20.45, 21.71, 51.34, 107, 19.51 and 73.46 µg of tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, hentriacontane and hexatriacontane, respectively, elicited highest attraction of E. dodecastigma and this combination might be used for insect pest management programme such as baited traps.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathy, bioassay, rye, image analysis, wheat cultivars
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New bioassay method to find the allelopathic potential of wheat cultivars on rye (Secale cereale L.) seedlings
  • Pages - 53-62
  • ROGHAYE MARDANI, ALI REZA YOUSEFI*, REZA FOTOVAT and MOSTAFA OVEISI
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  • View Abstract  This experiment was done to develop a new simple and valid method for allelopathy studies and facilitating the use of image analysis in such research. A special transparent growth box containing black fabric enclosed inside was used to provide the seedbed to allow diffusion of allelochemichals from each side to opposite side. The allelopathy potential of 9-wheat cultivars was evaluated against rye (Secale cereale L.) to examine the suitability of this method. Images were captured every 12 h to evaluate the effects of wheat cultivars on rye seedling growth over time. The rye seedling growth was significantly affected by allelopathy of different wheat cultivars. The root surface area and spread (root architecture) of rye was decreased by more allelopathic cultivars in the growing medium. There was a clear correlation between the root spread of rye and seedling growth, suggesting the potential of root spread as an important parameter of allelopathic activity. Root spread measurement could be precisely done by using one photograph taken from the expanded roots. This method provided a consistent and reliable tool for analyzing the changes in root architecture of allelochemical receiver plants during the exposure to allelopathic neighbours.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Amaranthus blitoides, aqueous extract, common bean, density, growing time, height, inhibitory, Phaseolus vulgaris, prostrate amaranth, root, root exudates, shoot length
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Inhibitory effects of prostrate amaranth (Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats) on common bean cultivars
  • Pages - 63-76
  • R. AMINI* and T. NAMDARI
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory bioassay and greenhouse experiments, we evaluated the effects of root exudates and shoot aqueous extract of prostrate amaranth (Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats) on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The prostrate amaranth growing for 16 days at density of 24 plants / beaker drastically inhibited the root and shoot length of common bean. Increasing the prostrate amaranth density to > 24 plants/beaker and grown for > 16 days, did not increase its inhibitory effects. The inhibitory effects of prostrate amaranth on root and shoot length of different common bean cultivars were variable. Prostrate amaranth shoot aqueous extract reduced the leaf number and common bean height but there were no significant differences among the extract concentrations. The prostrate amaranth aqueous extract decreased the seed number per plant, seeds weight and grain yield of common bean. The prostrate amaranth extract concentration had the highest and lowest inhibition% on cv. Pak and Gholi, respectively. Chemical screening indicated that sterol + triterpenes, flavonoides and alkaloides were the main allelochemicals present in prostrate amaranth shoot. Sterol + triterpenes and alkaloids were most inhibitory to total root and shoot length of common bean


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelochemical, herbicide, Pleioblastus kongosanensis, suppressed effects, Vigna radiata
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Allelopathic effects of Pleioblastus kongosanensis f.aureostriaus on germination and growth of Vigna radiata
  • Pages - 77-82
  • Y. KUANG1 , Y.K. LIANG, S.X. YANG*, L. LIU and Z.K. WANG*
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  • View Abstract  The extracts of Pleioblastus kongosanensis f. aureostriaus were assayed for their effects on seed germination and early seedling growth of V. radiata. All extracts at all concentrations inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of V. radiata than control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. Bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate extract of P. kongosanensis led to the isolation of a phenolic compound named xanthoxyline. The results of this study suggested that P. kongosanensis contain allelochemicals, such as xanthoxyline, which could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of V. radiate


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathy, aqueous plant extract, Avena fatua, Brassicaceae, Brassica napus, camelina, Camelina sativa, canola, flax, leaf leachates, Linum usitatissimum,radish, Raphanus sativus, root exudates, wild oat
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Allelopathic effects of camelina (Camelina sativa) and canola(Brassica napus ) on wild oat, flax and radish
  • Pages - 83-95
  • K. D. WALSH1, D. SANDERSON, L. M. HALL1, S. MUGO and M. J. HILLS*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Brassicacea members camelina (Camelina sativa) and canola (Brassica napus) were examined for allelopathic activity against wild oat (Avena fatua), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and radish (Raphanus sativus). This 4-part study investigated the effects of leaf washings, aqueous extracts, soil incorporated fresh plant residues and root exudates on seedling weight. The effects of aqueous extracts on germination were also quantified. Camelina and canola leaf washings increased radish seedling weight, while only canola increased flax weight. Where effects were observed, aqueous extracts of camelina and canola reduced the germination of wild oat, flax and radish. Wild oat and radish seedlings had reduced root weight and increased shoot weight in response to aqueous extracts. Incorporation of camelina or canola fresh plant residues into growth media increased radish weight, while only canola residues increased wild oat biomass. Canola root exudates decreased wild oat weight, but increased radish weight. Camelina exudates decreased flax weight. Aqueous extracts predominantly contained volatile sulfur containing compounds (methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide) as potential allelochemicals. Further research will focus on confirming the allelopathic activity of candidate allelochemicals. Variable results between the different assays and the species investigated reflect the challenges of identifying a true allelopathic interaction between species and the need for rigorous and multi-part analyses, requiring subsequent confirmation in an ecological context.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathy, antibacterial activity, biological invasion, Escherichia coli, essential oils, Lygodium microphyllum, Staphylococcus aureus, Piricularia oryzae Cav
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Allelopathic potential of invasive climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum against native plants and antibacterial activity of essential oils
  • Pages - 97-106
  • R.L. WANG1, Z.H. ZHENG1, J. LU2, H. SHAO3, H. ZHANG1, Y.J. SU1 and Y.F. CAI1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. is an invasive climbing fern weed that has become aggressive in humid habitats in tropical regions. We studied the phytotoxicity of its aqueous leachates and dried leaf litters on 3-receptor species: Festuca arundinacea Schreb, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and Sorghum sudanenses (Piper) Stapf. The aqueous leaf leachates at 25 mg/mL and the leaf litter leachates 3 mg/mL inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of all three tested plants. The dry leaves of L. microphyllum applied at 2 t/ha dose as soil surface mulch inhibited the root growth of F. arundinacea, C. dactylon and S. sudanenses by 26.8, 29.3 and 31.7%, respectively. The chemical constituents in essential oils of microphyllum were analyzed by GC-MS. Fifteen components were identified. The main constituents were -monoolein (28.3%), ethylene glycol oleate (25.7%) and undecyne (15.5%). The antimicrobial activities of essential oils were tested against 3-bacteria : Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Piricularia oryzae Cav. by disc diffusion method. The essential oils were highly bactericidal against S. aureus, E. coli and P. oryzae at 12.5 mg/mL. Both laboratory and field experiments showed that L. microphyllum was allelopathic to tested plants, and its allelopathic potential may help in understanding the invasiveness of this specie.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic effects, continuous cropping, GC-MS, germination, organic acids, root exudates, seeds, tobacco
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Effects of allelochemicals from tobacco root exudates on seed germination and seedling growth of tobacco
  • Pages - 107-119
  • YU HUIYONG, LIANG HONGBO, SHEN GUOMING, DIEGO A. SAMPIETRO2 and GAO XINXIN1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The composition of root exudates from two varieties (K 326 and NC 89) of tobacco were identified by GC-MS. Organic acids,amides and esters were the main constituents of the root exudates which differed in their qualitative and quantitative composition.Contents of cinnamic acid and nine other organic compounds was reduced in about 29% after 15 days of exposition to soil microflora.The effects of 6 organic acids (benzoic, cinnamic, lauric, myristic, palmitic and phthalic acids) identified intothe root exudates of tobacco varieties were evaluated on seed germination of tobacco.The cinnamic and benzoic acids were the most inhibitory on seed germination.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathy, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, oxidative stress, redox cycling, superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase
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Allelopathic effects of pyrogallic acid secreted by submerged macrophytes on Microcystis aeruginosa: Role of ROS generation
  • Pages - 121-129
  • X.M. SUN1, Z.Y. LU1, B.Y.LIU*, Q.H. ZHOU, Y.Y. ZHANG and Z.B.WU*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We investigated the intracellular O2 •-, H2O2 and OH• generation induced by PA in Microcystis aeruginosa using two targeted fluorescent probes and also determining the SOD activity. We found that PA significantly induces the dose-dependent generation of O2 •- and consequently H2O2, OH•. Under dark condition, when exposed to 50 mg L-1 PA for 8 h, the O2 •- and H2O2/OH• levels in M. aeruginosa were 2.00 and 1.91 folds of the respective control. The light enhanced the O2 •- formation. The low concentration of PA (5 mg L-1) activated the SOD, but was inhibited gradually with increase in PA concentrations, especially under light condition. The results of this study indicated the significant generation of O2 •- as precursor of H2O2 and OH•, which provided original and direct evidence for the oxidative stress of PA to M. aeruginosa. The results also suggested that the futile redox cycling of PA was the main source of excessive intracellular O2 •- and consequent H2O2 and OH•, which induced the allelopathic inhibition of M. aeruginosa.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathy, co-cultivation, extracellular metabolite, marine bacterium, Marinobacter, Thalassiosira weissflogii
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Allelopathic effects of a novel Marinobacter strain (HY-3) on diatom
  • Pages - 131-140
  • H. B. WANG1, Y. L. ZHENG*, Y. Q. ZHANG, X. S. LI1,, S. H. LI1 and B. L. YAN1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic effects of a novel Marinobacter strain (HY-3, 96% related to M. adhaerens HP15) on a representative diatom (Thalassiosira weissflogii) by determining cell density and chlorophyll a (chl a) of T. weissflogii cocultured with HY-3 or treated with HY-3 extracellular metabolites. Results showed that the growth of T. weissflogii was significantly inhibited by HY-3 in co-culture at an initial density 104 cfu/mL. After 10-d cultivation, the relative densities of T. weissflogii co-cultured with HY-3 at initial densities of 104, 106, and 108 cfu/mL were 69%, 23%, and 21% of the control, and the corresponding relative chl a contents were 89%, 61%, and 60% of the control, respectively. The treatment with HY-3 extracellular metabolites had no effects on the growth of T. weissflogii. These results indicate that HY-3 is allelopathic to T. weissflogii by inhibiting the growth and photosynthesis of diatom. The allelopathic interactions between these two organisms occurs through the direct contact of cells, rather than the diffusion of extracellular metabolites from the bacterium to the diatom.


January, 2014  Volume (33 - 1)
Allelopathic, Cerrado biome, duration, emergence, insecticidal plants, phytochemistry, phytotoxicity, pupa stage, selectivity, stored grains
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Effects of crude extract fractions of Adenocalymma nodosum (Bignoniaceae) on duration of pupa stage emergence of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and phytotoxicity on vegetable crops
  • Pages - 141-149
  • C. W. G. DE MENEZES, W. DE S. TAVARES1, E. G. DE SOUZA2, M. A. SOARES3, J. E. SERRÃO4 and J. C. ZANUNCIO5*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The search for insecticides from plants is increasing to provide sustainable protection of stored grains. Plants from the Cerrado (Savannah-type) biome of Brazil are potential sources of bioactive substances. The duration of pupa stage was similar among various fractions. The fraction F1, at 0.01% was selective for 1-day-old pupae, but was toxic to 2-days-old pupae. The fraction F2 at 0.1% was toxic to 1- or 2-daysold pupae and completely prevented the emergence of T. molitor adults than fraction F3. The fraction F3, at 0.01% and 0.1% was toxic to 1- and 2-days-old pupae. The crude extract from A. nodosum leaves contained essential oils, carbohydrates, flavonoids and traces of saponinic heterosides. At 0.5 and at 5.0 mg.Kg–1 crude extracts, the germination was maximum in onion [Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae)] and lowest in lettuce [Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)]. The seedlings were tallest in A. cepa. The fraction F3 had potential to control T. molitor in stored grains. The crude extract from leaves of A. nodosum inhibited the germination and growth of test plants


April, 2014  Volume (33 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathic potential, monoculture, crop rotation, rhizosphere soil, soil sickness.
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Allelopathic potential and identification of allelochemicals in Pseudostellariae heterophylla rhizosphere soil in different crop rotations
  • Pages - 151-161
  • S. LIN, J.J. HUANGPU, T. CHEN, Z.Y. ZHANG and W.X. LIN (China)
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Pseudostellariae heterophylla is major medicinal plant in China, it has the problem of soil sickness in continuous cropping, but little is known about the allelochemicals causing this problem. We evaluated the autotoxicity potential of 4- crop rotation in bioassays of lettuce and P. heterophylla plantlets, and identified the allelochemicals in different rhizosphere soil samples. The autotoxicity potential of 2- years continuous monoculture was stronger than other crop rotation. The autotoxicity of rice- P. heterophylla rotation soil was minimum. The identification of autotoxic substances showed that benzoic acid, myristic acid, cinnamic acid and 2-butenoic acid etc. were present in rhizosphere soil of P. heterophylla. The benzoic acid, myristic acid and cinnamic acid inhibited the growth of P. heterophylla plantlet. In rice -P. heterophylla and soybean -P. heterophylla rotation, the content of some allelochemicals was decreased. The content of benzoic acid, myristic acid, cinnamic acid and 2-butenoic acid were lower in rice -P. heterophylla rotation than 2-years continuous monoculture. The cinnamic acid and 2-butenoic acid were not found in soybean -P. heterophylla rotation. These results indicated that crop rotation reduced the accumulation of autotoxic substances and decreased the autotoxicity of P. heterophylla continuous monoculture.


April, 2014  Volume (33 - 2)
Allelochemical, Botrytis cinerea, chalcone synthase, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, cucumber, flavonols, ferulic acid, UV-B radiation
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Effects of allelochemical stress on response of cucumber to UV-B radiation and Botrytis cinerea infection
  • Pages - 163-173
  • A. JÓZWIAK-UREK, M. PIETROWSKA-BOREK and M. KOZLOWSKA .
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Using tolerant (Genoype-1) and susceptible (Genoype-14) genotypes of cucumber, which differed in their stress tolerance, we studied the effects of allelochemical stress. The application of ferulic acid (FA) as allelochemical on cucumber enhanced its resistance to UV-B irradiation and B. cinerea infection. Stress was imposed either alone and in combination. FA enhanced the 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) activity and this was correlated to plant’s tolerance but the activity of chalcone synthase was not enhanced. Double stress (FA + UV-B) restricted the 4CL activity but did not affect the accumulation of flavonols. The effect on lignin content was negligible. Inoculation of seedlings with B. cinerea subjected earlier to FA + UVB irradiation reduced the level of 4CL and flavonols. The results did not suggest cross-tolerance, as both abiotic stresses inhibited the response to B. cinerea.


April, 2014  Volume (33 - 2)
Root exudates, muskmelon, Allelopathy, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Fusarium wilt, HPLC analysis, Autotoxicity
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Root exudates from muskmelon (Cucumis melon. L)induce autotoxicity and promote growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis.
  • Pages - 175-187
  • R. X. YANG, Z. G. GAO, X. LIU, Y. YAO and Y. CHENG.
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Experiments were conducted to test the influence of allelochemicals from root exudates of muskmelon (Cucumis melon L.) plants on the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. It was observed that the root exudates of muskmelon significantly promoted mycelial growth, spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis and incidence of Fusarium wilt as determined in bioactivity test and pot experiments. The results of field experiments indicated that the disease incidence and the quantity of the fungi were higher in sole replant cropping. The autotoxic compounds from muskmelon root exudates were identified by HPLC and seven phenolic compounds were identified: gallic acid, phthalic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid, all of which significantly reduced muskmelon seed germination and inhibited seedling growth at higher concentration (0.5 mmol·L-1) when compared with the control. The maximum inhibition in seed germination was cinnamic acid, followed by benzoic acid and ferulic acid. Salicylic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid and phthalic acid showed stimulatory effects (0.05 mmol·L-1), while cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and ferulic acid inhibited all parameters.


April, 2014  Volume (33 - 2)
Allelochemicals, antioxidant enzyme system, Casuarina equisetifolia, leachates, photosynthesis characteristics, Vatica mangachapoi
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Effects of leachates of Casuarina equisetifolia on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes of Vatica mangachapoi seedlings
  • Pages - 189-199
  • LEI LI , YING ZHANG**, CHUNQING WANG, XIAORONG LI and QIANG LIU*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  To explore the possibility of developing mixed forest of Casuarina. equisetifolia L. and Vatica. mangachapoi Blanco. we studied the effects of C. equisetifolia allelochemicals from the roots, rhizosphere soil and litter leachates on the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the antioxidase activities of V. mangachapoi seedlings in laboratory trials. The leachates reduced the photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light compensation point (LCP), the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo), apparent electron transfer efficiency (ETR) and the actual photochemical efficiency (Y) of V. mangachapoi seedlings. However, the light saturation point (LSP) and the initial fluorescence (Fo) were increased. The activity of superoxide dismutse (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and the content of MDA increased but the activity of peroxidase (POD) was reduced by the leachates treatment and habitat changes.


April, 2014  Volume (33 - 2)
Allelopathy, decomposition residue, leachates, n-hexadecanoic acid, radish, Raphanus sativus, root exudation, Solidago canadensis, Triticum aestivum, volatiles, wheat.
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Allelopathic pathways, isolation and identification of an allelopathic substance from Solidago canadensis
  • Pages - 201-212
  • DONGYU ZHANG, YONGHAO YE, JUN LI and LIYAO DONG
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Solidago canadensis L. is an invasive allelopathic weed in many crops and weeds; however, the mode of release of its allelochemicals are not clear. We studied 4-pathways of allelochemicals release: volatiles, leachates from stems and leaves, root exudation and decomposition of its residue. S. canadensis was used as donor and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as recipient plants. Petri dishes with filter paper and sand culture methods were used to study volatiles, leaching from stems and leaves and decomposed residue. The S. canadensis seedlings were grown with ¼ Hoagland nutrients solution to examine the root exudation. The results suggested that leachates from stems and leaves and decomposed residue of S. canadensis were allelopathic to seed germination and seedling growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Radish (Raphanus sativus). In addition, an allelopathic substance n-hexadecanoic acid, was isolated and identified from methanol extracts of S. canadensis. This compound inhibited the seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the inhibition increased with concentration


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