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Showing 1553 articles

October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate, canola, germination, soybean
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Allelopathic effects of Ascorbic acid and canola on germination and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean seedlings
  • Pages - 283-290
  • M. NIAKAN* and N. MAZANDRANI
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory bioassays, the aqueous extracts of canola grown in higher concentrations of ascorbic acid, (3,5,7 mm) decreasedthe germination, radicle growth and activities of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and poly phenol oxidase enzymes in cultivars of soybean. The inhibitory effects of canola root extract was more on the growth and antioxidant enzymes activity in cultivar ‘DPX’ than shoot extract. While shoot extract of canola, caused morereduction in growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in cultivar ‘Sepideh’. The ascorbic acid increased the allelopathic effects of canola on soybean.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, diisobutyladipate, eggplant, germination, malondialdehyde, root exudates, seedling growth, Solanum melongena L.,Verticillium dahliae, verticillium wilt
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Effects of diisobutyladipate on verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) and seedling growth of eggplant
  • Pages - 291-299
  • N. LIU, B.L. ZHOU*, Y. X. LI and B. LU1
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  • View Abstract  In simulation method, the effects of diisobutyladipate present in root exudates of grafted eggplant were determined on verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliaeKleb.) and seedling growth of eggplant. Its 4 concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol.l -1) were evaluated, which significantly suppressed the mycelium growth of V. dahliaein early stages. At 7 days, the 1 mmol· l-1 concentration was most inhibitory, however, it became stimulatory at 11 days. Field investigations indicated that all concentrations of diisobutyladipate enhanced the disease resistance of eggplants and the highest resistance was recorded at 0.5 mmol· l-1. Diisobutyladipate stimulated the seed germination and seedling growth of eggplant at low concentration but caused allelopathic inhibition at high concentration. The diisobutyladipate at low concentration inhibited the malondialdehyde contentand the relative electrical conductivity and the inhibitory rates were enhancedwith increase in concentration.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, aqueous extract, autotoxicity, HPLC,bioherbicides, phenolic compounds, root, shoot, chard, weed control.
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Potential of Swiss chard(Beta vulgarisL. var. cicla) autotoxicity for weed control
  • Pages - 301-308
  • M. M. HEGAB* and H. R. GHAREIB
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  • View Abstract  In bioassay we studied the autotoxic effects of aqueous extract of shoot and root of Swiss chard (Beta vulgarisL. var. cicla) at 1, 5, 10% (w/v) concentrations. Extracts at lower concentration stimulated the germination of chard, while it was retarded with > 1% extracts conc. i.e. autotoxicityof chard extract was concentration dependent. HPLC analyses of aqueous extract of whole chard plant revealed the presence of 6-phenolic compounds [p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric acids, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, coumarin and vanilline]. The first two compounds were abundant and remaining were in trace amounts. It was concluded that chard extract may be used as a bioherbicide to control the germination and growth of chard.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, Alopecurus myosuroidesHuds., Avena sterilisspp. sterilis L., barley cultivar, barnyardgrass, blackgrass, dose-response, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., hood canarygrass, Phalaris paradoxaL., Sinapis arvensisL., sterile oat, wild mustard, whole-range assessment.
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Allelopathic potential of 50 barley cultivars and the herbicidal effects of barley extract
  • Pages - 309-319
  • I. VASILAKOGLOU*, K. DHIMA1, A. LITHOURGIDIS2 and I. ELEFTHEROHORINOS3
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  • View Abstract  The potential allelopathic activity of 50 old barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) cultivars was determined in Perlite-based bioassay with barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.]. Besides, the effect of aqueous extract of most allelopathic cultivar on sterile oat (Avena sterilisspp. sterilisL.), hood canarygrass (Phalaris paradoxaL.), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroidesHuds.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL.) was investigated. Barley aqueous extracts adversely affected the root length and fresh weight of barnyardgrass than germination. The inhibitory effects of 2- and 6-row barley cultivars extracts were similar.The Greek cv. ‘Athinaida’ proved most inhibitory to barnyardgrass. The germination, root length and total fresh weight of winter weeds were reduced with its increasing concentrations. Its aqueous extracts were more phytotoxic to canarygrass and blackgrass (81.1 to 86.8% inhibition index), than sterile oat or wild mustard (43 to 80.1% inhibition index). These results indicated that some barley cultivars were more allelopathic and could be used in sustainable cereal production systems or as source of allelopathic traits.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Barnyardgrass, herbicide rates, rice allelopathy, rice varieties, weed suppression.
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Allelopathic effects of rice cultivars on barnyardgrass growth to reduce the herbicide dose
  • Pages - 321-329
  • YIQING GUO*1, NADEEM AHMAD, DONGHYUN SHIN and KIL-UNG KIM
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  • View Abstract  In lab studies, we compared the weed suppression abilities of 3 rice varieties [cv. Koukishumuchi (allelopathic), cv. Dongjinbyeo (non-allelopathic) and cv. K21 (newly bred potent allelopathic)] on barnyardgrass and thereby to reduce the herbicide rates. Kouketsumochi variety caused maximum weed suppression, while, Dongjinbyeo was least effective. The allelopathic suppression effects of Koukishumuchi, K21 and Dongjinbyeo on barnyardgras height were 45%, 31% and 20%, and on fresh weight 35%, 30% and 20%, respectively. These effects were converted into herbicide rate as per equation of toxicity regression. To inhibit the plant height and fresh weight, the toxicity regression values of Kouketsumochi were 10.6 mg/L and 8.4 mg/L, K21 (6.3 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L) and Dongjinbyeo (3.7 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L) respectively. By comparing the LD50value with no rice, herbicide rate was reduced by 18-48%; with rice Kouketsumochi and K21,reduced the herbicide rates by 36% and 17%, respectively than Dongjinbyeo. Thus, the rice cultivars with allelopathic potential reduced the herbicide dose for weed management and promoting an eco-friendly rice cropping system.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, arbuscular mycorrhizae, mungbean cultivars, nodulation, Oryza sativa, rice straw extract, Vigna radiata
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Screening of mungbean cultivars under rice allelopathic stress for best agronomic and symbiotic traits
  • Pages - 331-339
  • ARSHAD JAVAID, SHAKIL AHMAD*, AMNA JAVAID, NADEEM SHAD and KHAJISTA JABEEN
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  • View Abstract  In a pot study, effect of 5 and 10% (w/v) aqueous straw extracts of allelopathic rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety ‘Super Basmati’ was investigated on growth, yield, nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) colonization of 8 mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wiczek] cultivars (AUM-19, AUM-27, AUM-38, AUM-7375, N-2, N-5, N-8 and N-9). The 10% extract significantly enhanced the shoot and root dry biomass of cv. AUM-27. Contrarily, 5% extract decreased the shoot biomass in cv. N-8 and 10% extract reduced theroot biomass in cv. AUM-7375. The 5% extract increased both number and biomass ofnodules in cv. AUM-19, while 10% extract decreased them in cv. N-9. The 5 or 10% extract increased the grain yields in AUM-19, AUM-27, AUM-38 and AUM-7375. Conversely, these extracts decreased the grain yields in cv. N-9. The 10% riceextract markedly enhanced the mycorrhizal colonization in N-5, N-8 and N-9 cultivars. The study concluded that for better grain yield under rice allelopathic stress, AUM cultivars of mungbean should be cultivated.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Aqueous root, stem and fruit extracts and soil infested with Asphodelus tenuifoliusCav. were tested for their allelopathic effect on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Continuous application of fruit extract of A. tenuifoliusdecreased the time to 50% germination (T50) and mean germination time (MTG) of wheat seeds, whereas the germination index (GI) was increased and germination was decreased with fruit and stem extracts, respectively. Wheat seeds soaked in stem extract for 24 h had the longest timefor T50and MGT. Minimum GI and germination were also recorded with stem extract. Root and stem extracts decreased the root length but increased the shoot length than control. The fruit extracts increased both root and shoot length and root extract increased the dry weight in wheat seedling. Soil taken from the field infested with A. tenuifoliusreduced the biomass of wheat seedling.
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Phytotoxic influences of Asphodelus tenuifoliusCav (wild onion) on germination and seedling growth of wheat
  • Pages - 341-349
  • B.H. BABER, A.TANVEER*, A. AZIZ, M.M. JAVAID, M. TAHIR, M. SIBTAIN, A. KHALIQ and Z. PACANOSKI1
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  • View Abstract  Aqueous root, stem and fruit extracts and soil infested with Asphodelus tenuifoliusCav. were tested for their allelopathic effect on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Continuous application of fruit extract of A. tenuifoliusdecreased the time to 50% germination (T50) and mean germination time (MTG) of wheat seeds, whereas the germination index (GI) was increased and germination was decreased with fruit and stem extracts, respectively. Wheat seeds soaked in stem extract for 24 h had the longest timefor T50and MGT. Minimum GI and germination were also recorded with stem extract. Root and stem extracts decreased the root length but increased the shoot length than control. The fruit extracts increased both root and shoot length and root extract increased the dry weight in wheat seedling. Soil taken from the field infested with A. tenuifoliusreduced the biomass of wheat seedling.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, aqueous extracts, bioassay, dry shootresidues, germination, onion, Parthenium hysterophorus, rhizosphere soil, root residues, seedling growth
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Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorusL. on germination and growth of onion
  • Pages - 351-361
  • M. WAKJIRA
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory and greenhouse studies the aqueous extracts of leaf and flower of Parthenium hysterophorusdrastically inhibited the germination and seedling growth of onion than stem and root extracts. Onion plumules were less sensitive to allelopathic effects than radicles. Increasing concentrations of extract severely inhibited the shoot growth. Root residues from growing parthenium reduced germination percentage (by 37%) followed by uprooted but not mixed (by 27%). Root residues however did not affect onion root and shoot lengths. Emergence percentage and rate were greatly reduced by rhizosphere soil collected from 0 to 15 cm radial distance from parthenium (13 and 17%, respectively). Root length greatly stimulated by rhizosphere soil whereas shoot length was not affected. This study indicated that parthenium has a clear allelopathic effect on onion germination and seedling growth even though the extent of inhibition was severe under laboratory than greenhouse conditions. Therefore, early removal of parthenium from onion fields is essential in order to minimize influences in terms of poor germination and retarded growth and the subsequent reduction in onion yield.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, Cenchrus echinatus L., germination, metha-nol extract, Panicum maximum Jacq., Physalis ixocarpa Brot., root and shoot growth, Trifolium alexandrinum L.
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Allelopathic activity of Cenchrus echinatus L. extracts on weeds and crops
  • Pages - 363-372
  • EVANDRO A. NASCIMENTO*, MANUEL G. H. TERRONES, SÉRGIO A. L. MORAIS, ROBERTO CHANG, GLAUCIA A. ANDRADE, DOUGLAS Q. SANTOS and BLYENY H. A. PEREIRA
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic effects of methanol extracts from stems and roots of Cen-chrus echinatus L. were evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory assays, on seed germination and root and shoot growth of Panicum maximumJacq., Amaranthus hy-pochondriacus L.,Physalis ixocarpa Brot., Trifolium alexandrinum L. andLolium perenne L.. Both root and shoot extracts of Cenchrus echinatus L. inhibited or stimu-lated the germination and seedling growth, dependingon the extracts concentrations and the test species. Stem extracts were less inhibitory on the test species than root ones. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate:methanol (1:1) fractions obtained from the methanol root extract caused 100% inhibition in seedgermination and seedling growth of P. maximum. Volatile constituents of the dichloromethane fraction were mainly fatty acids and their esters [viz., palmitic (33.96%), oleic (8.32%), and stearic (6.42%) acids, and methyl linolelaidate (7.26%)]. Further investigation is needed to identify all constituents of the methanol extract.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Agro forestry, allelopathy, Chukrasia tabularisA. Juss, Eastern Himalaya, food crops, germination, Gmelina arboreaL., greengram, maize, Michelia oblonga, pigment, rapeseed, rice, ricebean, root length, shoot length,Terminalia myriocarpa.
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Allelopathic effects of agroforestry trees on fieldcrops in Eastern Himalaya, India
  • Pages - 373-387
  • B. P. BHATT*, S. HUSSAIN, IMTISENLA WALLING and J. K. SINGH
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic potential of top soil, rhizospheresoil, leaf mulch and aqueous extract of Chukrasia tabularisA. Juss., Gmelina arboreaL., Michelia oblongaWall. and Terminalia myriocarpaHeurck & Muell. Arg. were determined on rice (cv. Nagaland Special), maize (cv. Vijay Composite), green gram (cv. SG-I), rice bean (cv. Nagaland Local) and rapeseed (TS- 38). Inhibitory effects were more on germination, dry matter yield and pigment contents ofall test crops than on root and shoot length. All test crops were found sensitive to allelopathic influences of tree species particularly, T. myriocarpa andM. oblonga. The allelopathic influences were species specific. Rapeseed and legume test crops were highly susceptible to toxicity of trees than cereal test crops.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Avena sativa, Brassica napus,Chenopodium album, germination, Lactuca sativa, lettuce, Melia azedarach,mustard, oat, phytotoxicity, Sorghum halepense, weeds.
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Phytotoxic effects of Melia azedarachL. (Meliaceae) fruit extract on weeds and crops
  • Pages - 389-396
  • S.M. PALACIOS*, M.C. CARPINELLA, G. N. DIAZ NAPAL, C.E. VACCARINI1 and C.G. FERRAYOLI1
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  • View Abstract  In our continuous search for bioactive products obtained from plants with agrochemical prospects, the extract of Melia azedarachL. fruits was tested for the phytotoxicity against weeds and crops. In a paper disk assay, this extract inhibited the seed germination of Avena sativaL., Brassica napusL.,Chenopodium albumL., Lactuca sativaL. and Sorghum halepenseL. (Pers) and the 50% germination inhibitory doses (GID50) were 0.27, 16.5, 2.88, 7.85 and 1.31 mg/ml, respectively. Meliafruit extract also inhibited the seedling growth and 50% growth inhibitory doses (GrID50) were 0.59, 1.86, 5.59, 3.98 and 1.03 mg/ml, respectively. The effects of crushed M. azedarachfruit material mixed with the soil were examined on germination, radicle and shoot length ofA. sativa and S. halepensein assay for 30 days. A GID50of 0.56 and 3.51 % (w/w) was determined forA. sativa and S. halepense, respectively, while 10 % (w/w) concentration completely inhibited the root and shoot length in both species. These results indicate that phytotoxic compounds are present in M. azedarachfruits.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Alfalfa, allelopathy, barnyardgrass, cress, donor-receiver bioassay, Echinochloa crus-galli,growth inhibitor, Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum, lettuce, Medicago sativa, Oryza sativa, rice, root exudates.
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Inhibitory effects of rice seedling extracts and root exudates of Japanese traditional rice varieties
  • Pages - 397-403
  • T. KANESAWA, T. ITANI1 and H. KATO-NOGUCHI*
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  • View Abstract  The extracts of eight Japanese traditional rice seedlings, including varieties of Soujaakamai, Tanegashimaakamai and Tushimaakamai which have been observed in the literature for more than several hundreds years,inhibited root and shoot growth of cress (Lepidium sativumL.), lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galliL. Beauv.). Tushimaakamai had the greatest inhibitory activity. All root exudates of rice varieties also inhibited the root and shoot growth of test plant species and Awaakamairecorded the greatest inhibitory activity. Therefore, Japanese traditional varietiesmay produce allelochemicals and release them into rice rhizosphere as root exudates. However, these rice varieties showed different range of the inhibitory activity by the extracts and exudates, and test plants also show different sensitivity. Significantcorrelation between the inhibitory activity of rice extracts and rice root exudates were only found on alfalfa shoots and lettuce roots. Thus, except for alfalfa shoots and lettuce roots, the responses of these test plants to rice extracts are probably differentfrom those to rice root exudates regarding the growth inhibition, which indicates that inhibitory substances in rice extracts and/or rice plants may not necessarily release into rice rhizosphere.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelochemicals, biological membranes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, membrane proteins.
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Allelochemicals targeting th e phospholipid bilayer and the proteins of biological membranes
  • Pages - 23-Jan
  • S. URIBE-CARVAJAL, S. GUERRERO-CASTILLO, B. KING-DÍAZ1 and B. LOTINA HENNSEN1*
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  • View Abstract 

    Diverse allelochemicals interfere with the function of biological membranes. Among allelochemicals, those which are highly hydrophobic dissolve in the membrane bilayer, disordering the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids and increasing permeability. Hydrophobic allelochemicals are derived from molecules such as fatty acids, polyacetylenes, terpenes and phenols. In addition, the highly specialized proteins immersed in membranes are frequently the specific target of a given allelochemical. Thus, there are allelochemicals which interfere with receptors, primary transporters or secondary transporters. These biomolecules are extremely useful in protein structure-function studies. Here, the allelochemical interactions with representative proteins within each group are reviewed and some of the consequences of this interaction for the whole organism are analyzed. As there are a large number of allelopathic molecules, it is not possible to analyze every compound, but instead, the effects on specific proteins were illustrated.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucurbita pepo , Eucalyptus sp., germination, growth inhibition, Phaseolus vulgaris, phenolics, Zea mays .
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Allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus spp plantations on germination and early growth of annual crops
  • Pages - 25-37
  • F.J. ESPINOSA-GARCÍA*1,, E. MARTÍNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ and A. QUIROZ-FLORES2
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic potential of soil from Eucalyptus species ( E. grandis, E. urophylla and E. grandis × urophylla) plantations on the germination and early growth of 4 crops [maize ( Zea mays), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), watermelon (Cucurbita pepo) and squash (Citrullus vulgaris)]. Soil samples were collected from different soil horizons (A0, A1 and B) and at varying distances from eucalyptus trees and used for growth studies. These soils had variable effects (inhibitory to slightly stimulatory) on test crops. Inhibitory effect was minimum on maize and maximum on black bean. Among the three Eucalyptus species, E. grandis × urophylla was most inhibitory against maize, bean and watermelon growth, whereas, E. grandis adversely affected the squash. The soils from Eucalyptus species contained water soluble phenolics and their amount varied with soil horizons. The soil from A0 horizon was most inhibitory, suggesting the accumulation of bioactive allelochemicals in this horizon. The study concluded that soil from eucalyptus spp contains inhibitory principles that affected the germination and early growth of crop plants.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, aromatic herbs, caffeine uptake, intercropping systems, coffee (Coffea arabica L. ), spearmint (Mentha piperita L. ), basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ), oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ), sage (Salvia officinalis L. )
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Allelopathic effects of aromatic species intercropped with coffee: Investigation of their growth stimulation capacity and potential of caffeine up take in Puebla, Mexico
  • Pages - 39-57
  • A. PACHECO1, J. POHLAN* and M. SCHULZ2
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  • View Abstract  In this study, the potential uptake of caffeine by spearmint ( Mentha piperita L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.), and oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.) and conversely, the allelopathic effects of these herbs on physiological parameters in coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) were investigated. Two ecological conditions in rural area of Puebla State, Mexico (2004-2005), as well as laboratory bioassays were evaluated. To summarize the results: (i). Intercropping sage, spearmint, basil and oregano stimulated the plagiotropic growth of Coffea arabica plants. (ii). Volatiles from essential oils induced stomata opening in coffee leaves. (iii). Aromatic species, principally sage and oregano absorbed caffeine and may contribute to reductions of the caffeine contamination of the soil. (iv). Finally, coffee growers can get extra income by intercropping aromatic plants during the no-harvest period (April –November) in between coffee rows of young production systems.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, aqueous leachates, arbuscular mycorrhizae, beans, leaves decomposition, phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizobium, tomato, weeds.
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Allelopathic potential of some tropical trees of Ecological Reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico
  • Pages - 57-72
  • MARÍA DEL CARMEN FLORES-CARMONA, ROCÍO CRUZ-ORTEGA and ANA LUISA ANAYA*
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  • View Abstract  We investigated the allelopathic potential of leaves of six tropical trees ( Jatropha gaumeri , Pedilanthus tithymaloides , Sebastiania adenophora, Zuelania guidonia , Zanthoxylum caribaeum and Heliocarpus sp.) from the Ecological Reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Aqueous leachates from dry leaves (1%) were tested in vitro on the root growth of 7 test plants [Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium multiflorum, Zea mays, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Cucurbita pepo (ungerminated and pre-germinated)] and the diameter growth of 3 phytopathogenic fungi [Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Helminthosporium sp]. Aqueous leachates of P. tithymaloides, S. adenophora, Z. caribaeum, J. gaumeri and Heliocarpus sp. were most phytotoxic. S. adenophora and Heliocarpus sp. aqueous leachates inhibited the growth diameter of all phytopathogenic fungi. We did two greenhouse pot experiments in soil amended with leaves (2 % w/w) of 3 highly phytotoxic species (J. gaumeri, S. adenophora and Z. guidonia ), and tested their decomposition effects on the (i) emergence of weeds in pots, (ii) the growth of bean and tomato, (iii) the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in roots of both crops and (iv) the development of Rhizobium nodules in bean roots. The dicots weeds were more abundant than monocots in bean and tomato pots. The weeds were less in bean pots than tomato pots. In bean pots, dicotyledon weeds were more abundant with J. gaumeri and S. adenophora amended leaves. Beans dry weight was not affected by any treatment, but tomato was significantly reduced in all treatments. Colonization of AM fungi in bean roots was less than control, but contrarily, S. adenophora leaves significantly stimulated them in tomato roots. All treatments significantly stimulated the Rhizobium nodules in bean roots.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelochemical, allelopathic potential, aqueous extracts, bioassays, coconut fiber, filter paper, Lauraceae, Ocotea odorifera, terpenes.
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Allelopathic potential of Ocotea odorifera (Vell) Rohwer on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa L. and Raphanus sativus L.
  • Pages - 73-82
  • A.B. GATTI, M.I.S. LIMA and S.C.J.G.A. PEREZ
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of the leaf, stem and root of Ocotea odorifera was investigated on the germination and growth of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Additionally, the use of coconut fibre as substrate for seedling growth in allelopathic bioassays was compared with filter paper. The leaf extract of Ocotea odorifera drastically reduced the seed germination in lettuce and radish, whereas, the stem and root extracts delayed their germination. The roots of test species were the most sensitive organs to allelochemicals. The coconut fibre substrate, stimulated the root length, but the filter paper substrate inhibited the root elongation, mainly with root extract at highest concentration.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, hydrogen peroxide, oxidative damage, Sicyos deppei, Relative Growth Rate, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, tomato.
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Growth and oxidative damage effects of Sicyos deppei weed on tomato
  • Pages - 83-94
  • R. CRUZ-ORTEGA*, M. ÁLVAREZ-AÑORVE, M.T. ROMERO-ROMERO, A. LARA-NÚÑEZ and A.L. ANAYA
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  • View Abstract  We performed a greenhouse experiment to study the phytotoxic effects of Sicyos deppei (Cucurbitaceae) weed on tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae)] growth. Tomato seedlings were grown for one month in pots with perlite and amended with either fresh or dry aerial plant material (20 and 2%, respectively) of S. deppei. We analyzed (i) the morphological (specific leaf area-SLA, leaf area ratio-LAR and leaf weight ratio-LWR) and (ii) physiological (net assimilation rate-NAR) parameters which contribute to relative growth rate (RGR). We correlated the effects of S. deppei material on growth of tomato by evaluating the oxidative damage in roots, stems and leaves and by measuring: the enzymes (cytosolic catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) activity, levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-), membrane lipid peroxidation and activity of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase. Results showed that application of either fresh or dry material of S. deppei decreased the RGR, leaf area and dry weight of tomato seedlings. Regression coefficients analysis for RGR and its components showed that variation in growth was caused by the decreased net assimilation rate (NAR) and the physiological traits. These results were linked with an imbalance of antioxidant enzyme activity; increase in hydrogen peroxide and NADPH oxidase avtivity and an increase in lipid peroxidation in leaves of tomato plants.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Algae, allelochemical, asplanchnin, demography, population growth, predator-prey interaction, rotifer, temperature, zooplankton
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Combined effects of temperature, food availability and predator’s (A splanchna girodi ) allelochemicals on the demography and population growth of Brachionus havanaensis (Rotifera)
  • Pages - 95-106
  • E.L. PAVÓN-MEZA, S.S.S. SARMA* and S. NANDINI
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  • View Abstract  We studied the influence of asplanchnin (a non-toxic kairomone from the predator Asplanchna girodi ) on the selected populations of prey Brachionus havanaensis cultured at two algal densities (0.5x106 cells mL-1 and 2x106 cells mL-1 of Chlorella vulgaris ) and at two temperatures (15° and 25°C). At 15°C, the allelochemicals decreased the survival and offspring production of B. havanaensis at same food levels. Both gross and net reproductive rates were about 50% lower at 15°C than at 25°C. In the absence of asplanchnin, the rate of population increase (r ) was highest (0.52 per day) at 25°C under 2 x 106 cells mL-1 of Chlorella. While in the presence of asplanchnin, the r was negative (-0.09 per day) at 15°C, at 0.5 x 106 cells mL-1. At higher temperature and higher food density, life history variables of B. havanaensis did not show adverse impact of asplanchnin. At 15°C under two food levels, B. havanaensis populations decreased in the presence of asplanchnin. However, at 25°C, B. havanaensis grown at low food level showed similar population densities (ca. 100 ind. mL-1) regardless of the presence of asplanchnin. At 25°C and high food level, B. havanaensis had very low densities in the presence of Asplanchna than in controls. Thus, we showed the importance of food density and temperature as variables to evaluate the impact of predators’ allelochemicals on the prey demographic characteristics.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, Convolvulaceae, glycosidic resins, Ipomoea tricolor, seeds, seedlings, tricolorin A, young plants
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Production of allelopathic glycosidic resins in seeds and early development stages of Ipomoea tricolor L. (Convolvulaceae)
  • Pages - 107-118
  • M.L. MACÍAS-RUBALCAVA*, B.E. HERNÁNDEZ-BAUTISTA and A.L. ANAYA
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  • View Abstract  We analysed the production of phytotoxic glycosidic resins and tricolorin A in seeds and seven early development stages of Ipomoea tricolor (Convolvulaceae). We performed in vitro bioassays to test (i). the bioactivity of I. tricolor aqueous leachates (15%) (1% for whole and ground seeds) and organic extracts (100 µg ml-1) from fresh cotyledons, true leaves, stems and roots from the seven stages of development, and (ii). the bioactivity of organic extracts of ground seeds and pure tricolorin A (isolated from the seeds) at 4 concentrations on 3 plants (amaranth, barnyard grass and tomato) and 4 phytopathogenic microorganisms (Fusarium oxysporum , Alternaria solani, Phytophtora parasitica and P. capsici). Fresh stems and roots aqueous leachates (15%) of I. tricolor and cotyledons and true leaves organic extracts (100 µg ml-1) were the most phytotoxic treatments. Aqueous leachate of ground seeds (1%) of I. tricolor significantly inhibited the root growth of amaranth and tomato with no effect on barnyard grass. Organic extracts of ground seeds of I. tricolor (250 and 500 µg ml]-1) significantly inhibited the radial growth of Fusarium and Alternaria. Tricolorin A significantly inhibited the growth of almost all phytopathogenic microorganisms at the 4 concentrations used. Tricolorin A was more fungitoxic than Captan (commercial fungicide) on the radial growth of A. solani. This is the first report of the isolation of Tricolorin A from I. tricolor seeds, showing that it is one of the main allelopathic compounds in seedlings and young plants.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelochemicals, Chilean Cupressaceae, Fitzroya cupressoides , Austrocedrus chilensis, Pilgerodendron uviferum, natural durability, phenolic compounds, wood extractives.
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Allelochemicals and natural durability in Chilean Cupressaceae heartwoods
  • Pages - 120-132
  • C.A. DONOSO, J. BECERRA*, M. BITTNER, J.P. ELISSETCHE1, J. FREER1, R. MENDOZA1, O. STERNER2 and M. SILVA
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  • View Abstract  The biological activity of extractives from heartwood of three native Chilean Cupressaceae was evaluated against pathogenic fungi and bacteria as well as the loss of mechanical properties and weight of wood (with and without extractives) exposed to saprophytic fungi. Wood samples from Austrocedrus chilensis, Fitzroya cupressoides and Pilgerodendron uviferum were collected in the Andes Mountains and the Coastal Mountains of Chile. Over 20 compounds were isolated and identified. Most of them were fatty acid, sesquiterpenes, phenolic diterpenes, and lignans. Total extracts and isolated compounds were active on fungi and bacteria. It was observed that the most active compounds were the lignans, matairesinol, podophyllotoxin, yatein and the diterpenes, totarol, ferruginol, 6,7-dehydroferruginol . When the extractives were removed from the wood, the activity against saprophytic fungi decreased and the wood samples presented lower rigidity and weight than those with extractives. The extractives and their composition were related with the wood’s natural durability when faced against the action of biotic agents. Our results suggest that the extractives from the heartwood of these native species are responsible for the natural durability of the native Chilean Cupressaceae


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Alkaloids, chlorophyll a, findersine, fluorescence, Hortia superba, N-methyl-flindersine, , PS II and b6 f inhibitors.
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Alkaloids isolated from Hortia superba (Rutaceae) interact with spinach thylakoids inhibiting the electron transport chain
  • Pages - 134-144
  • T.A. MOURA VEIGA1, R. GONZÁLEZ-VÁZQUEZ2, P.A.C. BRAGA1, M.F.G. F. SILVA1, B. KING-DÍAZ2 and B. LOTINA-HENNSEN2*
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  • View Abstract  Flindersine (1 ) and N-methyl-flindersine ( 2 ) were isolated from Hortia superba. Both compounds inhibited the synthesis of ATP and non-cyclic electron transport, i.e. they behaved as Hill reaction inhibitors. Both alkaloids inhibited electron flow through PSII. The effect of the alkaloids on the partial PSII reactions was measured as under: from water to oxidized DCPIP, water to sodium silicomolybdate and from reduced DPC to oxidized DCPIP. The results demonstrated that their inhibition site was at QB., since the ectron flow from water to Pheophytin was not affected. Furthermore, alkaloid 2 had another site of inhibition located at PQH2 oxidation site, the b6f complex. The polarographic results were corroborated by Chl a fluorescence measurements; in thylakoids, the alkaloids changed the shape of the Kautsky curve. The OJIP test indicated that the behavior of alkaloids 1 and 2 was similar to DCMU. In addition, alkaloid 2 was less active than 1. The main inhibition site of 2 was located at the PQH2 site of oxidation within the b6f complex.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, Leucaena leucocephala, lignin, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, root, soybean.
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Mimosine-inhibited soybean (Glycine max) root growth, lignification and related enzymes
  • Pages - 146-154
  • A.B. ANDRADE, M.L.L. FERRARESE, A.F. TEIXEIRA and O. FERRARESE-FILHO*
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  • View Abstract  The phytotoxic mechanism of mimosine and its effects on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and per oxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) activities as well as lignin content in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) roots were investigated. Seedlings (3-d-old) were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0) with or without 0.05 to 1.0 mM mimosine in a growth chamber (25°C, 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod, irradiance of 280 µmol m-2 s-1) for 24 h. In general, length and fresh and dry weights of roots decreased in response to mimosine. Root growth inhibition has been associated with reduction in PAL and POD activities and lignin content. These findings suggest that PAL and POD enzymes are responsible for the mimosine allelochemical action.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelochemical, ferulic acid, Glycine max , glyphosate-resistant soybean, lignin, roots.
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Effects of ferulic acid on growth and lignification of conventional and glyphosate-resistant soybean
  • Pages - 155-163
  • L.S. SUZUKI, P.C. ZONETTI, M.L.L. FERRARESE and O. FERRARESE-FILHO*
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  • View Abstract  Ferulic acid (allelochemical commonly found in soil extracts) affects the root growth and lignification of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings. Glyphosate-resistance is conferred in soybean by incorporating a gene encoding a glyphosate-insensitive enzyme (CP4-EPSP synthase), which acts in the shikimate pathway to synthesize aromatic amino acids and lignin. To evaluate the possible tolerance of glyphosate-resistant soybean to ferulic acid, comparative studies were done for its effects on the root growth and lignification of two soybean cultivars (conventional and glyphosate-resistant). Three-day-old seedlings of CD 201 (conventional soybean) and CD 214RR (glyphosate-resistant soybean) were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0), with or without 1.0 mM ferulic acid, 0.5 mM glyphosate or a mixture of 1.0 mM ferulic acid plus 0.5 mM glyphosate in a growth chamber (25°C, 12 h/12 h light/dark photoperiod, irradiance of 280 µmol m-2 s-1, 24 to 96 h). The ferulic acid decreased the length, fresh weight and dry weight of roots of both cultivars. Root growth inhibition has been associated with an increase in lignin contents. The mixture of ferulic acid and glyphosate showed similar effects in both cultivars. These results confirm the susceptibility of both conventional and glyphosate-resistant seedlings to ferulic acid and suggest that the genetic modification in the glyphosate-resistant soybean does not develop tolerance to ferulic acid.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Copturus aguacatae , estragole, Lauraceae, Persea americana , plant volatiles, stem borer.
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Volatile emissions in Persea americana in response to the stem borer Copturus aguacatae attack
  • Pages - 166-173
  • ANGEL ELIEZER BRAVO-MONZÓN 2* and FRANCISCO J. ESPINOSA-GARCÍA1,2
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  • View Abstract  Plants attacked by herbivores may change their emission of volatile compounds and become more attractive to predators and parasitoids. We investigated changes in the volatile emission of avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.) when attacked by the stem borer larvae (Copturus aguacatae Kissinger). We compared the volatiles emitted by undamaged and stem borer-damaged plants from the Hass and Criollo avocado varieties. No emissions were detected for the Hass plants under the treatments assayed, while plants from the Criollo variety emitted volatiles when undamaged but the amount of volatiles was reduced when they were damaged by C. aguacatae larvae. The ecological importance of such differences is discussed.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Avocado germplasm bank, biochemical diversity, chemical defence, estragole, gall insect, herbivory, terpenoids.
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Relationship between the phytochemical diversity in creole avocado (Persea americana var. drymifolia) leaves and the incidence of foliar gall psyllid (Trioza anceps )
  • Pages - 175-182
  • CINTIA A. RINCÓN-HERNÁNDEZ1,2 and FRANCISCO J. ESPINOSA-GARCÍA1,3*
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  • View Abstract 

    We studied the relationship between the leaf volatile biochemical diversity (relative abundance of secondary metabolites in tissue) in the Creole avocado (Persea americana var. drymifolia) growing in germplasm bank and herbivory of the foliar gall psyllid (Trioza anceps ). The gall density per leaf was recorded and the volatile fraction of Creole avocado leaves was analysed and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The foliar biochemical diversity was correlated positively with the incidence of the gall insect. There were neither significant correlations between the incidence of the insect galls and the accessions per latitude or altitude of origin, nor between the foliar biochemical diversity of accessions. Few compounds were found associated with the incidence of psyllid: (i). Estragole was negatively correlated with the number of galls per leaf (Sperman r= -0.209 n= 93, p <0.05) and its concentration was higher in the leaves of trees without galls (4.39 + 0.3 S E mg/g dry wt) than those with galls (3.34 + 0.06 SE mg/g dry wt). (ii). Caryophyllene oxide and (iii) sesterterpene 2,6,10,14,16-pentamethyl-2,6,10,14,18-eicosapentaene were more concentrated in the tree leaves with galls than without galls.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, calorimetry, cnicin, Leonorus sibiricus, lettuce, onopordopicrin, seed germination, soil microbial activity, tomato, wheat.
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Allelopathic activity of Centaurea diffusa and Centaurea tweediei : Effects of cnicin and onopordopicrin on seed germination, phytopathogenic bacteria and soil
  • Pages - 183-190
  • M. EUGENIA SESTO CABRAL, A. MARIO FORTUNA1, ELMIRA C. DE RISCALA1, CÉSAR A. N. CATALÁN and E. ELIZABETH SIGSTAD*
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  • View Abstract 

    The effect of soils amended with cnicin and onopordopicrin (major metabolites isolated from Centaurea diffusa and C. tweediei , respectively) on seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculetum L. ), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and honey weed ( Leonurus sibiricus L.) was investigated. Both substances drastically reduced the germination of lettuce and honey weed. Since cnicin was active against some Gram (-) phytopathogenic bacteria, its effect on soil was investigated by calorimetric techniques. Cnicin at 0.1 mg g-1 concentration selectively inhibited some soil microorganisms.


January, 2008  Volume (21 - 1)
Allelopathy, 1 -glucosyl-piquerol A, monoterpenes, Piqueria trinervia .
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Structure of 1 -glucosyl-piquerol A: Storage of an allelopathic monoterpene
  • Pages - 191-197
  • M. JIMENEZ-ESTRADA1*, R. REYES-CHILPA1, R. RUIZ DE ESPARZA-VILLARREAL1, C.K. JANKOWSKI2 and M.R. VANCALSTEREN3.
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  • View Abstract  The aerial parts of Piqueria trinervia Cav. (Asteraceae) afforded a new compound, 1ß -glucosyl-piquerol A and its structure was established by 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV and Mass Spectrometry. In contrast with its aglycone, 1ß-glucosyl-piquerol A did not inhibit seed germination, and radicle elongation of Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Echinochloa crus-galli. Considering P. trinervia have medicinal properties, 1ß -glucosyl piquerol A was found inactive against the human pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi. and Staphylococcus aureus. It is proposed that synthesis of this monoterpene glycoside could be a potential mechanism to avoid autotoxicity, while hydrolysis in the soil by a microbial glycosidase could release the allelopathic compound Piquerol A. Alternatively mechanical damage of P. trinervia leaves, may also induce hydrolysis of 1ß-glucosyl-piquerol A by an endogenous glycosidase.


July, 2008  Volume (22 - 1)
Allelopathy, amino acids, amylase, carbohydrates, catalase, dehydrogenase, DNA, protein, RNA,seed germination, viability.
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Allelopathic effects of Lantana camaraon physio-biochemical parameters of Mimosa pudica seeds
  • Pages - 59-67
  • P. P. MAITI, R. K. BHAKAT* and A. BHATTACHARJEE1
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  • View Abstract  We studied the influence of leaf extracts and leaf leachates of Lantana camaraweed on the germination and metabolism of another weed Mimosa pudica. The extracts and leachates reduced the germination, speed of germination, seed viability and seedling emergence capacity of Mimosaseeds. The insoluble carbohydrate, protein, DNA and RNA and activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase enzymes contents were significantly reduced. While, Amino acid, soluble carbohydrate levels (in seed leachates and seed kernels) and activity of amylase enzyme was increased in seeds pretreated with leaf extracts and leaf leachates.


July, 2008  Volume (22 - 1)
Allelopathy, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, seed germination, seedling growth, selective herbicide, stimulation, volatile oils
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In vitro evaluation of essential oils from Mediterranean aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae for weed control in tomato and cotton crops
  • Pages - 69-78
  • EPAMEINONDAS I. ARGYROPOULOS1, ILIAS G ELEFTHEROHORINOS2 and DESPOINA VOKOU1*
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  • View Abstract 

    We studied the potential allelopathic activity of seven essential oils against two crops (tomato and cotton) and 5 weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, ?chinochloa crus-galli, ?ryza sativa, Portulaca oleraceaand Setaria verticillata). The essential oils examined originated from Lavandula stoechas, L. angustifolia, Mentha spicata, Origanum onites, O. vulgare ssp.hirtum, Salvia fruticosa andS. pomifera. In in-vitro experiments, we determined the effect of these essential oils and their constituents on seedling emergence and growth of target species. The oils of M. spicata, O. ?nitesand O. vulgare ssp. hirtumseverely affected both weed and crop species. Among the weeds, A. retroflexuswas most sensitive, whereas O. sativaand E. crus-galliwere least sensitive. Cotton proved the most sensitive of all species. The essential oils that originated from Lavandulaand Salvia spp. showed good efficacy against A. retroflexusand P. oleracea, without severely affecting the tomato, hence, they have a high potential to be used as selective herbicides for weed control in tomato fields.


July, 2008  Volume (22 - 1)
Allelochemicalstress, eugenol, plant defence, Piper betleextract, Ricinus communis (L)
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Allelochemical stress induced biochemical changes in the leaves and plant growth regulation in Ricinus communisL.
  • Pages - 79-88
  • PATHIPATI USHA RANI
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory experiments the application of Piper betle(L.) leaf extract and eugenol onthe castor leavesinduced biochemical changes (in protein, phenol compounds, sugars and oxidative enzymes) in the leaves. The plants treated with P. betleleaf extract and eugenol at 20%, 40% and 60% (w/v in acetone) increasedthe biochemical changes but decreased the enzyme (superoxide dismutase) activityand growth . The allelochemicals application increased thephenolic compounds, protein and sugars contents in treated plants; indicatingthe changes in metabolism. The allelochemicals at 20, 40 and 60 mg/ ml/ 20 seeds showed considerable impact on shoot growth, which ameliorated with the increasing concentrations.


July, 2008  Volume (22 - 1)
Allelopathy, disease resistance, insect resistance, Ipomoea batatas
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Effects of environment and genotypes on the storage of root periderm resin glycoside content in sweet potato
  • Pages - 94-99
  • H. F. HARRISON, JR.1*, M. E. SNOOK2 and J. K. PETERSON1
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  • View Abstract  Resin glycosides are complex compounds composed primarily of fatty acids and sugars that contribute to the allelopathic potential and pest resistance of sweetpotato. Total periderm resin glycoside (PRG) contents of 10 sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatasL.) clones grown in field trials were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). PRG contents of the clones ranged from 0.04 to 10.02 % of periderm dry weight. Analysis of variance indicated that genotype accounted for most of the variation, however, when PRG contents from the three trials were combined and analyzed using a factorial design, environment and the genotype x environment interaction variances were also highly significant. Average PRG contents of progeny from a cross between a high PRG clone (Excel) and a low PRG clone (SC 1149-19) were 4.13 and 4.21 % periderm dry weight for the two maternal parents, respectively. PRG contents of individual progeny clones ranged from 0.1 to more than 20 % of periderm dry weight, and the distribution of contents among progeny was similar for the two maternal parents. These observations indicate that breeding sweetpotato genotypes with high PRG is possible and may be an effective way of enhancing allelopathic potential and pest resistance


July, 2008  Volume (22 - 1)
Allelochemicals, commercial herbicides, germination inhibition,Rumex acetosa L., Lolium perenne L., Lactuca sativaL., Dactylis glomerataL, phytotoxicity, germination indices.
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Germination and growth response of four plant species to different allelochemicals and herbicides
  • Pages - 101-110
  • M. IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN*, L. GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ and M. J. REIGOSA
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  • View Abstract  Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the phytotoxicity of 6 allelochemicals (ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-benzoxazolinone, L-mimosine, juglone, trans-cinnamic acid), 6 allelochemicals mixture and 2 herbicides (pendimethalin and S-metolachlor) on germination and seedling growth of 4 plants species (Rumex acetosa L., Lolium perenne L., Lactuca sativaL. and Dactylis glomerataL.). Data obtained were used to compare four germination indices viz., (total germination index (GT), speed of germination index (S), accumulated speed of germination index (AS), and coefficient of rate of germination index (CRG). The allelochemicals 2-benzoxazolinone and trans-cinnamic acid inhibited the total germination index of L. perenne L. at 1 µM concentration. The L- mimosine and six allelochemicals mixture (1 µM concentration) inhibited GT, S, AS, in L. perenne and also inhibited GT, S, AS in D. glomerataat 1 µM and 0.1 µM concentration. L- mimosinealso inhibited the CRG in R. acetosaat 0.01 µMand in D. glomerataat 0.001 µM concentration. The six allelochemicals mixture (1 µM concentration) inhibited the speed of germination (S) of D. glomerataL. while trans-cinnamic acid inhibited the S in R. acetosaat 0.001 µM concentration. All other allelochemicals at 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 µM concentrationsshowed non-significant behavior to S all four plant species. Juglone inhibited GTof L. perenneat 1 µM concentration and in D. glomerataat 1 µM, 0.01 µM and CRG in R. acetosaat 0.01 µM concentration. The application of both herbicides strongly inhibited GT, S, AS, CRG in L. perenneL. and D. glomerataat concentration of 104 µM. These results indicate that each index led to a different interpretation of allelochemicals effect on germination.


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