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Showing 1553 articles

April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Allelochemicals, bioassay, bioherbicide, electrolyte leakage, natural product, phytoxicity, saponin, tomatine, tomatidine, weeds.
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Toxicity of tomatine and tomatidine on weeds, cropsand phytopathogens fungi
  • Pages - 425-435
  • ROBERT E. HOAGLAND
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  • View Abstract  a-Tomatine was not highly phytotoxic and slightly inhibited the stem elongation (7 to 13%) when applied as a spray to etiolated 4-day-old seedlings of sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Rybd.], sicklepod (Senna obtusifoliaL.), mungbean (Vigna radiataL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgareL.). Tomatidine had less effect on stem elongation than tomatine and reduced the elongation (5 to 10%). Tomatine was more effective than tomatidine in reducing chlorophyll content in excised etiolated tissues ofhemp sesbania, sicklepod, mungbean, wheat and sorghum. Inhibition of chlorophyll accumulation by tomatine ranged from 16 to 89% of control values, whereas inhibition by tomatidine ranged from 0 to 30% of control in these species. Both tomatine and tomatidine increased electrolyte leakage of corn (Zea maysL.), kudzu [Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi], palmleaf morningglory (Ipomea wrightiiGray) and wild senna (Cassia marilandicaL.) leaf disks at 24 to 72 h after exposure to the compounds (0.5 mM) and light (100 µE m2s-1). Tomatidine caused greater electrolyte leakage than tomatine in tissues of these species. When incorporated into growth media (agar) at 0.3 mM, tomatine and tomatidine inhibited the growth of three fungal bioherbicidal phytopathogens. Alternaria cassiae (weed host = sicklepod),the most sensitive pathogen was inhibited 70% by both compounds. Tomatine inhibited Colletotrichum truncatum (weed host = hemp sesbania) and Fusarium subglutinans(produces fumonisin, phytotoxic to many plants) growth by 63% and 50%, respectively; while tomatidine inhibited the growth of these latter two pathogens by 50% and 15%, respectively. These natural plant products were shown to have a broad range phytotoxicity and fungitoxicity which may be important in plant defense mechanisms.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Autotoxins, catalase, enzymes, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, peroxidase, phlorogucial dehydrate, phthalic acid, superoxide dimutase, tomato seedlings.
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Effects of applied phthalicacid and phloroglucionol dihydrate on the root oxidative damage in tomato seedlings
  • Pages - 437-444
  • WEN-BO ZHANG, SHU-HONG ZHANG, EN-PING ZHANG*, LIANG-LIANG LI and TIAN-LAI LI
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  • View Abstract  We examined the effects of main autotoxic substances (phthalic acid and phloroglucionl dihydrate, separated in our previous study), on root oxidative damage of tomato seedlings. Changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and their activities in roots were measured. Potted tomato seedlings were cultured in perlite and treated with phthalic acid (PA) and phloroglucinol dihydrate (PD) as exogenous autotoxins at 1 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM concentrations. The application of both PD and PA, and especially PD increased the MDA contents. The activities of SOD, CAT and POD depended on autotoxins (PA or PD), their time of action and concentration. The enzyme activities increased with application of PA on 5th day and decreased on 10th day except at 10 mM PA. On 20th day, the activities of all enzymes decreased except SOD at 1 mM. Similar trend of enzyme changes was presented in the treatments of PD, except POD activity that kept growing on the 10th day. Results indicated the adverse effects of exogenous PA and PD on enzymes of antioxidant defence system, resulting in lipid peroxidation in roots of tomato seedlings.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Brassica, crop extracts, purplenutsedge, sorghum, sunflower.
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Response of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) to crop extracts prepared in various solvents
  • Pages - 445-452
  • J. IQBAL* and Z. A. CHEEMA1
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  • View Abstract  Plant allelochemicals have different solubilities in organic solvents. Laboratory studies were conducted to know the better solvent for extraction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench), Brassica(Brassica napus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) allelochemicals. Extraction efficiency of five solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, xylene and n-hexane) was compared with distilled water (control) and determined their effects on purple nutsedge growth. Extracts from three crops studied were used to irrigate as herbicides in pots under room conditions. Extracts of sorghum, Brassicaand sunflower inhibited the shoot length and fresh and dry weight of purple nutsedge. The inhibition order of solvents was: water (highest inhibition) = methanol =ethanol >xylene > n-hexane and the order of inhibition of crop extracts was sorghum > Brassica> sunflower. Extracts with 50% concentration cause more suppressive effects than 5% concentration, because higher concentrations are supposed to have more amounts of phytotoxins in the extract. These findings showed that water is best solvent to extract naturally occurring allelochemicals in crop plants.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Aqueous extract; exotic; litter; Mikania micranthaH.B.K.; nutrient cycling; tropical forest.
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Effects of aqueous extracts of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. on nutrients release from the forests litter at three succession stages in south China
  • Pages - 453-460
  • AOMING CHEN, SHAOLIN PENG*, LEIYI CHEN, FURONG LI and GEN-XUAN WANG 1
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  • View Abstract  We sprayed water (control, CK) and 3 concentrations(0.005, 0.025 and 0.100 g dry weight ml-1) of aqueous extracts on cover soil (beneath which the litter of 3 plants were buried) to determine the rates of litter decomposition and C and N release from 3 dominant native plants (Pinus massoniana Lamb., Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. and Castanopsis chinensis Hance). The extracts increased the litter decomposition rates and nutrients (C, N) release from P.massonianabut decreased these in C.chinensisand there were no effects on S.superba. The changes were variable in different forests and were dependent onthe extracts concentration.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Auxin, cultivated field, indole-3-acetic acid, Robinia pseudoacacia, shelterbelts
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Impact of age and composition of shelterbelts plants on IAA content as allelochemical in soils
  • Pages - 461-468
  • 453L. SZAJDAK* and V. MARYGANOVA1
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  • View Abstract  Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents in soils from two shelterbelts of different age and plant composition as well as in adjoining soils of cultivated fields were studied. During the entire vegetative growth, the concentrations of IAA were significantly higher in soils under the old shelterbelt (64.4 to 241.5 µg·kg-1) than in soil under the young shelter belt and adjoining cultivated fields (5.8 to 21.8 µg·kg-1). These differences may be due to the contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen and associated roots of Robinia pseudoacacia. The IAA contents in soils from the young shelterbelt and adjoining cultivated fields were lower than in soils under old shelterbelt.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Aegiceras corniculata, allelopathy, aqueous leaf extracts, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, mangrove, restoration, Rhizophora stylosa, succession.
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Effects of Aqueous extracts of5 mangrove spp. on cabbage germination and hypocotyl growth of Kandelia candel
  • Pages - 469-476
  • LEIYI CHEN, SHAOLIN PENG*, BAOMING CHEN, JING LI and JUNXIAO PANG
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  • View Abstract  In petridish bioassay and pot culture, we assessed the allelopathic potential of five mangrove tree spp. (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Aegiceras corniculata (L.) Blanco, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, Rhizophora stylosaGriff. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam.) on mid-successional mangrove specie (Kandelia candel (L.) Druce and cabbage. The aqueous extracts prepared from fresh leaves of mangrove trees and applied to test species, reduced their germination rate and seedlings growth. The allelopathic intensity of aqueous extracts on cabbage increased with the development of mangrove succession, but the response of K. candelto the extracts of five successional mangroves was variable. The mangrove spp. (R. stylosa, B. gymnorrhiza) drastically inhibited the growth of K. candeland may replace it in natural succession. The A. marinasignificantly inhibited the K. candel, but it is seldom replaced by K. candel in forest. Contrarily K. candel was less sensitive to extracts of A. corniculata(mangrove spp. naturally replaced by K. candel). Our results suggested that allelopathy may be one of the major driving forces regulating the mangrove forest succession.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Autotoxicity, bioassays, exudates, growth inhibitors, identification, Malus prunifolia.
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Identification and bioassay of allelopathic substances from the root exudates of Malus prunifolia
  • Pages - 477-484
  • RU BAI, XIN ZHAO, FENGWANG MA* and CUIYING LI
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  • View Abstract  The root exudates of Malus prunifolia were collected and isolated using XAD-16 resin. The methanol extracts from the root exudates were detected with gas hromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Twenty compounds (hydrocarbons, organic acid, phenol, esters, alcohol, benzene, etc.) were detected, but phthalate derivates, butylated hydroxytoluene, sitosterol andpalmitic acid occurred in higher quantity. The allelopathic effects of root exudatesand four main identified compounds were determined on the radical elongation ofM. prunifolia. The solutions of 4-compounds and root exudates inhibited the radical length of M. prunifolia.The degree of inhibition increased with the increasing concentration of root exudates and compounds. These results demonstrated that root exudates of M. prunifolia were autotoxic to its own seedling growth.


April, 2009  Volume (23 - 2)
Asplanchnin, rotifers, Brachionus, allelochemical, population growth, herbicide, triasulphuron 1
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Effects of asplanchnin allelochemical on the toxicity of triasulphuron herbicide to rotifer Brachionus patulus(Rotifera: Brachionidae)
  • Pages - 485-492
  • S.S.S. SARMA*, S. NANDINI, F. PEÑA-AGUADO and D. J. CHAPARRO-HERRERA
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  • View Abstract  We evaluated the effects of 4 concentrations (15, 30, 60 and 120 µg L-1) of triasulphuron on the population growth of rotifer Brachionus patulus. The rotifers were cultured at an algal density of 0.25× 106cells mL-1of Chlorella vulgarisfor 15 days and with and without the presence of asplanchnin allelochemical obtained from the predator Asplanchna sieboldi. Regardless of the presence of asplanchnin, the population density of B. patulusdecreased with increasing concentration of triasulphuron and its populations drastically reduced when grown with triasulphuron herbicide at 120 µg mL-1. At any given triasulphuron concentration, B. patulus+ asplanchnin showed significantly higher peak abundances and higher growth rates than populations cultured without asplanchnin. The population growth rates varied from +0.23 to -0.13 per day, depending on the presence or absence of asplanchnin and the concentration of the herbicide. Our results suggest that infochemicals from Asplanchnamay influence the population abundances of the prey brachionids in ponds and lakes that receive effluents containing herbicides.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathic crop plants, biocontrol of plant diseases, biofertilizer, bioherbicide, diazotrophs, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, plant residue, rhizobacteria, weed management.
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Allelopathic principles for sustainable agriculture
  • Pages - Jan-34
  • M.A.B. MALLIK1 and R.D. WILLIAMS2*
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  • View Abstract 

    Allelopathic research in past few decades has shownthe feasibility of weeds and plant diseases management by allelopathic crop plants, plant residues, cultural manipulation, microorganisms as bioherbicides, and rhizobacteria. Inconsistency between the effectiveness of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to stimulate the plant growth and yield in the laboratory and the field has been reported. This inconsistency in the field results from PGPR applications can only be remedied through the improved knowledge of interplay betweenthe host and introduced PGPR inoculant in the rhizosphere under field conditions. Application of biofertilizer reduced the quantity of chemical fertilizer used formaintaining threshold levels of crop productivity. We hope this review will stimulate further research in a holistic approach to solve the agricultural problems and achieve economically profitable and environmentally benign sustainable agriculture.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, Brassica campestris, ß-caryophyllene, ß-caryophyllene synthase gene,Mikania micrantha, Raphanus sativus, wounding.
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Cloning, expression and wounding induction of ß-caryophyllene synthase gene from Mikania micrantha H.B.K. and allelopathic potential of ß-caryophyllene
  • Pages - 35-44
  • RUILONG WANG1, SHAOLIN PENG1*, RENSEN ZENG2, LING WEN DING3 and ZENGFU XU31
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  • View Abstract  ß-Caryophyllene is an important volatile sesquiterpene of plants that may serve as allelochemical to influence the neighboringplant growth or as an indirect defence to attract natural herbivore enemies. A partial cDNA for ß-caryophyllene synthase gene was isolated from the expressed sequence tag (EST) library of Mikania micranthaleaves. The full length cDNA of ß-caryophyllene synthase from M. micrantha, designated as MmCSwas obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. This MmCScDNA is 1898 bp in full length and it encodes a putative protein of 547 amino acids. MmCSexpression was significantly increased inM. micranthaleaves within 3-days after wounding during a 5-dayinterval following mechanical wounding. Bioassay showed that ß-caryophyllene at =3 mg L-1significantly inhibited the germination rates and seedling growth of nbsp;Brassica campestrisand Raphanus sativus. These results suggest that ß-caryophyllene synthase and ß-caryophyllene may play an important role in allelopathy for successful invasion of M. micrantha


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Aglaia odorata,allelopathy, aqueous extracts, barnyardgrass, Chinese rice flower,Echinochloa crus-galli, inhibition, leaf powder, organic herbicide, pellet, Phaseolus lathyroides, weed control, wild pea
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Allelopathic potential of Chinese rice flower (Aglaia odorata Lour.) as organic herbicide
  • Pages - 45-53
  • C. LAOSINWATTANA1*, T. POONPAIBOONPIPAT1, M. TEERARAK1, W. PHUWIWAT1, T. MONGKOLAUSSAVARATANA2 and P. CHAROENYING2
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The aqueous extracts of leaf and branches of Aglaia odoratainhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.) and wild pea (Phaseolus lathyroidesL.) over the control. Besides its dry leaf powder (31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/plate) was more inhibitory to these parameters than aqueous extract. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of dried leaf pellets of Chinese rice flower were more stronger than dried leaf powders at equal rates. The pellets applied at 0.5 ton ha-1 dose as soil surface mulch inhibited the seedlings emrgence of banyardgrass and wild pea by 67% and 2%,respectively. Thus the Chinese rice flower pellets has the potential to act as organic herbicide for control of barnyardgrass weed.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Annual ryegrass, bioassay guided isolation, Capsella bursa-pastoris, extract stability, GC/MS, wild radish
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Phytotoxic potential of Shepherd’s purse on annual ryegrass and wild radish
  • Pages - 55-66
  • ALEXA N. SEAL*1, JAMES E. PRATLEY 1, TERRY J. HAIG, MIN AN and HANWEN WU2
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  • View Abstract  Control options for weeds such as annual ryegrass in winter wheat crops are limited due to the development of herbicide resistance. This study reports the potential of shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a source for novel compounds for weed control. The extract of shepherd’s purse was tested for phytotoxicity against annual ryegrass and wild radish. All concentrations of 5 % and above significantly reduced the growth of both testspecies. The stability of the extract was also tested, and there was no significant change in phytotoxicity of the extract over 256 days. The negative effect of shepherd’s purse extract was also observed (in trays filled with soil) on annual ryegrass root growth. The 400 % extract inhibited shoot length and weight by >70 % compared to the control. In addition to biological studies, the chemical components of shepherd’s purse extract were also investigated. Bioassay guided fractionation determined that the ethyl acetate fraction was most phytotoxic. Allfractions were analysed by GC/MS and tentative identifications of detected compoundswere conducted and the overall phytotoxicity of extract was also determined.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Activated charcoal, allelopathy, annual ryegrass, bioassay, Lolium rigidum,root exudates,Triticum aestivum,wheat,
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Allelopathic assessment of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum): Bioassays
  • Pages - 67-76
  • R. AMINI, M. AN*1,2, J. PRATLEY2 and S. AZIMI3
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  • View Abstract  A laboratory-based root exudates bioassay was conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of annual ryegrass against wheat using the equal- compartment- agar method. The allelopathic effects of different growing times of ryegrass (2, 4, 6, 8, 11 and 15 days) was investigated on wheat. Results indicated that co-growth of annual ryegrass and wheat reduced the root and shoot length of wheat. Ryegrass growth for 6-8 days was most inhibitory to wheat root growth. Increasing ryegrass density beyond 20 plants per beaker did not increase the allelopathicactivity of annual ryegrass. To validate the allelopathic effects between the ryegrass and wheat, activated charcoal was added to the growth medium (2 % v/v), it increased the inhibition of wheat root and shoot length. Thus, the inhibitory effect of annualryegrass on wheat root and shoot length was chemically directed through its root exudates, inhibition was greater on wheat roots than on wheat shoots. The allelopathic effect of ryegrass root exudates was evaluated on root and shoot growth of four wheat cultivars, (WW14192, Ventura, Sunco and Janz). The allelopathic effect of ryegrass differed on root and shoot growth of wheat cultivars, the greatest effect was on root and shoot growth of cultivar WW14192. However, the trends were similar for all cultivars.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelochemicals, flavonoid, invasion weed, Ipomoea cairica, natural herbicide.
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Isolation and identification of allelochemicals from invasive plant Ipomoea cairica
  • Pages - 77-84
  • R.J. MA *, N.L.WANG 1, H. ZHU, S.J. GUO, and D.S. CHEN
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  • View Abstract  Ipomoea cairicaL. Sweet is an extensively invasive plant in southern China and its allelopathy has been confirmed. However, little is known about its allelochemicals, hence, we did this study to isolate and identify the allelochemicals using ultrasonic extraction and bioactivity guided column chromatography. We isolated 2 allelochemicals:3-3’-5-Trihydroxy-4’-7-dimethoxyflavone and 3-3’-5-Trihydroxy-4’-7-dimethoxyflavone-3- O-sulfate from the crude extracts of n-butanol. In bioassay, both these allelochemicals independently or jointly inhibited the seed germinations of all 4 test plants [Raphanus sativus, Cucumis sativus, Brassica pekinensisand Ligularia virgaurea (a weed)]. These allelochemicals exhibited selectivity, both strongly inhibited the germinationof cucumber seeds but were moderately inhibitory to cabbage seeds. There was antagonism between these allelochemicals and they might be candidates for new natural product based herbicides.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, phenolic acids, phytotoxins, purple nutsedge, shoot, tuber, volatile compounds.
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Allelopathic potential of Cyperus rotundusL. II. Isolation and identification of phytotoxins
  • Pages - 85-90
  • I.S. ALSAADAWI* and N.M.M. SALIH1
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  • View Abstract  In earlier work we had found that Purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.) has a strong allelopathic interference with severaltest crops. In this study Chromatographic analyses using HPLC have revealed the presence of ferulic, caffeic, hydroxyl benzoic, syringic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric acids and 3 unidentified compounds in C. rotundusshoot and the same phenolic acids and one unidentified compound in the tuber. Additional chromatographic analyses showed that the shoot and tuber of C. rotundusalso contained 13 and 11 volatile compounds, respectively. Of these 10 identified compounds were : a-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, camsaicin, artimisin, camphene, camphor, citronellal, farnesol and petalostemumol. These isolated compounds have been reported to be phytoxicagainst several plant species.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, autotoxicity, Chrysanthemum morifolium(Ramat) Tzvel, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malonylodialdehyde (MDA), nitrate reductase (NR)
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Autotoxic effects of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium(Ramat) Tzvel.)
  • Pages - 91-101
  • KAI ZHOU, XIUMEI ZHOU, LIFENG YANG, FENGGE HAO, ZHIFANG WANG and WEIMING GUO1*
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  • View Abstract  We evaluated the autotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of leaves, stem, root, rhizosphere soil, litter and root exudates from field grown chrysanthemum on the seed germination and seedling growth of the same plant specie. The aqueous extracts, from above-ground parts were highly autotoxic to seed germination and seedling growth and autotoxicity increased with the increasing concentrations. The aqueous extracts inhibited the enzymatic activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in roots and nitrate reductase (NR) in leaves and significantly stimulated the formation of malonylodialdehyde (MDA) in leaves. We conclude thatautotoxicity observed in laboratory conditions was partly responsible for negative effects observed in field or greenhouse, or for problem of continuous cropping ofchrysanthemum.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathic effects, cucumber, germination, oat, root exudates, seedlings, soybean, wheat
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Allelopathic effects of root exudates from wheat, oat and soybean on seed germination and growth of cucumber
  • Pages - 103-112
  • YUYAN WANG, FENGZHI WU* and SHOUWEI LIU
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  • View Abstract  We examined the allelopathic effects of root exudates from wheat, oat and soybean on germination and growth of cucumber seedlings. We used a special device to collect the root exudates and studied their allelopathic effects. wheat, oat and soybean root exudates had different allelopathic effects on seed germination of cucumber. Wheat root exudates at higher concentrations promoted the seed germination, but low concentrations were inhibitory. A similar pattern was observed with exudates from soybean, but the opposite trend was observed with oat roots exudates. These three types of root exudates also had variable effects on the seedling growth of cucumber. The integrated allelopathy index (RI) showed that most root exudates promoted the seedling growth than other treatments and control. The wheat root exudates of 50% concentration were most stimulatory to growth (RI = 3.333), followed by 100% concentration (RI= 2.488). The higher concentrations of wheat root exudates stimulated the seed germination and seedling growth of cucumber. Contrarily, oat root exudates at 100% concentration inhibited the seedling growth of cucumber.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Cerasus sachalinensis, coumarin, phenolic compounds, p-hydroxyben- zoic acid, respiratory pathways, root activity, root respiratory rate.
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Effects of phenolic compounds on root respiration and root activity ofCerasus sachalinensis Kom.
  • Pages - 113-122
  • ZHIXIA LI, SIJUN QIN 1, HE GAO, DEGUO LÃœ1* and HUAIYU MA 1
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  • View Abstract  The application of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and coumarin to seedlings of Cerasus sachalinensischanged the root respiration rate and root activity. These processes were enhanced at low concentration but decreased at high concentrations. The mixture of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and coumarin had additive effects on the root activity. The p-hydroxybenzoic acid and the mixture changed not only the biochemical respiratory pathways, but also the electron transport pathways of C. sachalinensisseedlings. They changed the glycolysis-tricarboxylic acid cycle (EMP-TCA) into pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and cytochrome pathway (CP) into alternative pathway (AP). However, coumarin alone did not changethe direction of respiratory pathways.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, Jatropha curcas, marigold, relative membrane permeability, proline,Tagetes erecta
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Allelopathic effects of Jatropha curcason marigold (Tagetes erectaL.)
  • Pages - 123-130
  • J. C. WANG, Y. WU, Q. WANG, Y. L. PENG, K. W. PAN, P. LUO and N. WU*
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic effects of leaf leachates and residues ofJatropha curcas amended into soil were determined on the growth, relative membrane permeability (RMP) and the proline content of marigold (Tagetes erecta) seedlings. The application of leaf leachates of J. curcasin the soil significantly inhibited the shoot and root length of marigold compared to unamended soils. The leaf leachates increased the RMP and proline content in the roots of marigold seedlings. The leachates concentrations did not influence the soil pH, however their 75 and 100% concentrations increased the soil electrical conductivity (EC) by 128 and 215%, respectively, over the control. Similarly the J. curcasresidues incorporated into soil, were more phytotoxic to the root than shoot growth of marigold seedlings. During the decomposition, RMP was increased from 37.11 to 56.72% and proline from 19.68 to 37.66 µmol-1fw. In the soil incorporated with the residues, the phytotoxicity to growth, RMP and proline content in the seedlings increased with increasing amount of residues incorporated and decreased over time. During the decomposition, the electrical conductivity (EC) varied with magnitude of inhibition, whereas, pH was not correlated to inhibition. These results showed thatJ. curcasreleased the phytotoxic compound(s) into soil, which were inhibitory to certain test species.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Achaea janata L. Castor Ricinus communisL., Dichocrocis punctiferalis G., Empoasca flavescens F., insect feeding, Oxidative enzymes,Spodoptera litura F.
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Effects of herbivore feeding on biochemical and nutrient profile of castor bean, Ricinus communis L. plants
  • Pages - 131-142
  • JYOTHSNA YASUR, KAPIL MATHUR and PATHIPATI USHA RANI*
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  • View Abstract  We studied the effects of four major pests [capsule borer, Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Guenée), semilooper, Achaea janata (L), tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and sucking pest, Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius)] feeding on the castorRicinus communis(L) plants, on primary metabolites and biochemical constituents of leaves. We measured the primary metabolites (amino acids, glutamine, urea, ammonia, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols and oxidative and hydrolyzing enzymes) involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The quantities of biochemical constituents (except glutamine) were increased by the feeding of leaf eating insects than sucking pests or mechanically damaged plants. All the enzymes activities enhanced in the semilooper, tobacco cutworm and capsule borer damaged plants. We concluded that the defence mechanism of plant differs with the type of attacker pest and were related to the enhanced enzymatic activities.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, chilli, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colonum, Euphorbia hirta, Portulaca oleracea and Trianthema portulacastrum.
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Screening of chilli varieties for management of summer weeds
  • Pages - 143-156
  • SUDHIR KUMAR*, GUNJAN SINDHU and ASHISH TEJASVI1
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  • View Abstract  We screened 20 chilli varieties for their alleopathic potential against 7 major summer weeds [Cyperus rotundus L., Cynodon dactylon Pers., Portulaca oleracea L., Euphorbia hirta L., Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Digitaria sanguinalis (Link.) Scop]. All chilli genotypes significantly reduced the weeds population (17.70-62.55 %) and growth (9.06-52.80 %) of test weed spp. Of the 20 varieties, ‘Maharastra local’ proved most inhibitory, it caused 62.55% inhibition in weed density and 52.80%in weed biomass. While LCA-312, was least allelopathic cultivar and reduced the weed density and weed growth by 17.70 % and 9.08 % respectively. Chilli varieties differed significantly in their allelopathic potential against weeds, suggesting that allelopathy is an inherited trait. Eight chilli varieties (Maharastra local, ARCH-236,Suryamukhi, Nagpur-5, Salem local, G4, Guntur II and Byadgi) significantly suppressed the weeds. Cv. Maharastra local was the best, not only for chillies yield butalso for non-herbicidal weed management in organic farming.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, Acorus calamus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Emergent macrophyte, Growth inhibition,Microcystis aeruginosa
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Allelopathic effects of emergent macrophyte, Acorus calamusL. on Microcystis aeruginosa Küetzing and Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick
  • Pages - 157-168
  • W.H. ZHANG, G.J. HU*, W. HE, L.F. ZHOU, X.G. WU and H.J. DING
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In controlled laboratory conditions, the allelopathic effects of emergent macrophyte Acorus calamus L. were studied on the growth of two phytoplankton species: Microcystis aeruginosaKüetzing and Chlorella pyrenoidosaChick. In co-culture experiment, A. calamusgrew normally in the medium but the growth of M. aeruginosaand C. pyrenoidosawas significantly inhibited at initial cell densities by live plants and the inhibitory effect was less on C. pyrenoidosa. Within 10 days, the highest IR value of liveA. calamuson M. aeruginosaand C. pyrenoidosa were 97.9% and 82.2%, respectively. The aqueous extracts of A. calamusdry biomass at high concentrations inhibited the growth of both phytoplankton spp. but the growth of M. aeruginosawas revived on 4th day with aqueous extracts concentration of 30 mL· L-1, and growth of C. pyrenoidosawas promoted by the concentrations < 30 mL· L-1. The same amount of aqueous extracts added to M. aeruginosain single application or in multiple application, caused moreinhibition in later. The result suggested that the allelochemicals are degradable and a long-term inhibition might need the continuous addition of compounds from A. calamus. This study showed that A. calamuswas strongly inhibitory to phytoplankton and may have great potential in HABs control and prevention.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, Canna (Canna indica L.), weed control, rice field
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Allelopathic effects of Canna indicaon paddy weeds
  • Pages - 169-175
  • DONGZHI LIN1*, Y. SUGITOMO, YANJUN DONG1, E. TSUZUKI and M. MATSUO
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We evaluated the allelopathic effects of Canna indicaon paddy weeds. Aqueous extracts (1, 2, 4, 8 %, w/v) from its powdered naturally withered aerial parts inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.) and two major weed spp. [barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalliL.) and monchoria (Monocharia vaginalis P.)]. All C. indicadried powders at 50, 100, 150 gm-2 significantly inhibited the emergence and dry weights of weeds in paddy field but had no adverse effects on growth of transplanted rice. These results showed that C. indica plants might be used as a natural herbicide to control weeds in paddy field.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelochemicals, bluebottle, Centaurea cyanus,corn poppy, dandelion, Lamium purpureum, Papaver rhoeas, red deadnettle, seed germination, Taraxacum officinale, Triticum aestivum,walnut phenolics, winter wheat
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Effects of walnut phenolics on germination of dandelion seeds
  • Pages - 177-182
  • H. MATOK, B. LESZCZYNSKI*, G. CHRZANOWSKI and C. SEMPRUCH
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The effects of walnut phenolics were determined on the seeds germination of dandelion. The walnut methanolic extract containedeight phenolic compounds: catechin, chlorogenic acid, p- and o-coumaric acids, ferulic acid, tannic acid, caffeic acid and syringic acid. The catechin was the major phenolic compound in all the organs of walnut. The application of walnut extracts in the soil, reduced the seeds germination of dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeb). While comparing the effects of extract on other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonousplants, the germination of wheat and bluebottle seeds was slightly inhibited, but that of corn poppy and red deadnettle seeds was drastically inhibited than dandelion seeds. Moreover some identified phenolics present in walnut tissues, also reduced the germination of dandelion seeds and the catechin was most strongest inhibitor. Possible role of walnut phenolics as allelopathic agents against dandelion is discussed.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathic potential, Atlantic Rain Forest, Aulonemia aristulata, bamboo, disturbed areas
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Allelopathic potential of Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) MacClure, a native bamboo of Atlantic Rain Forest
  • Pages - 183-190
  • M. T. GROMBONE-GUARATINI*, R. C. JENSEN1, E. M. CARDOSO-LOPES1 and L. M. B. TORRES1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aulonemia aristulataplant material were investigated on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa and Sesbania virgata. The aqueous extract of leaves inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds, but not of Sesbania virgata.The aqueous extract of leaves was partitioned affording an aqueous and n-butanolic fractions, which caused 17.3 ±10.4% and 94.6 ±1.3% germination inhibition of Lactuca sativaseeds. All extracts were monitored by TLC analysis using flavonoids, phenolic acid and giberellic acid compounds as standards. An HPLC profile of aqueous extracts of its leaves was prepared based on their retention time and increase of peaks after co-injection with a mixture of authentic samples of flavonoids and fenolics acids compounds. The HPLC data indicated that three compounds were involved in germination inhibitory effects based on retention time as quercetin, rutin and ferulic acid, corroborating with literature information’s. These preliminaries results showed that allelopathicinteractions, between the bamboos A. aristulataand natives species, have been proposed as an explanation to bamboo-dominance in disturbed areas in Atlantic Forest.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Activated carbon, autotoxicity, carbonized maize cobs, catalase, Lycopersicon esculentumL., malonaldehyde, peroxidase, root residues, superoxide dismutase, tomato.
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Effects of application of activated carbon or carbonized maize cobs on the autotoxic effects of decomposed tomato roots extracts
  • Pages - 191-198
  • LI LIANGLIANG, ZHANG ENPING, LI TIANLAI*, ZHANG SHU-HONG and ZHANG WENBO
  • View 
  • View Abstract  We examined the effects of applied activated carbon, carbonized maize cobs and decomposed tomato roots extracts (DBE) on the growth and contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in tomato roots in hydroponic culture with perlite as substrate. The high concentration DBE inhibited thegrowth of tomato seedlings. The DBE application, first increased the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in tomato and then decreased during the growth. The autotoxic effects were observed in tomato roots with high MDA contents. The application of activated carbon and carbonized maize cobs enhanced the negative effects, but decreased the change in enzymes activities and MDA contents.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Allelopathy, extracellular enzymes,Sophera flavescens, toxins, Verticillium dahliae
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Allelopathic effects of Sophera flavescensAit. extracts on Verticillium dahliae
  • Pages - 199-205
  • SHUHONG ZHANG, ENPING ZHANG, BAOLI ZHOU* and YUYAN ZHENG
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Effects of Sophera flavescensextracts were studied on spore germination and mycelium growth of eggplant Verticilium dahliae. Extracts of S. flavescens inhibited the Verticillium dahliaeallelopathically, owing to its active substances -flavonoids and alkaloids. At the same concentration, the flavonoids are less inhibitory. Increase in S. flavescensextracts concentration decreased the mycelium dry weight and the activities of extracellular enzymes. The inhibitory effects were significant compared to the control. The allelopathic inhibitionof Verticillium dahliae by S. flavescensextracts can be attributed to decreased mycelium growth, lower dry weight and less activity of extracellular enzymes


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Alternative control, botanical fungicides, organic farming, plant extracts.
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Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of spices against bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)
  • Pages - 207-213
  • UMIT ARSLAN*, KADIR ILHAN and OZGUR AKGUN KARABULUT
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This pot culture study done under controlled conditions, evaluated the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts [1, 2 and 3% (w/v)] of 8 spices [basil (Ocimum basilicumL.), black cumin (Nigella sativaL.), black pepper (Piper nigrumL.), celery (Apium graveolensL.) fennel (Foeniculum vulgareMill.), laurel (Laurus nobilisL.), parsley (Petroselinum crispumMill.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalisL.)] against bean rust. All spice extracts except parsley, when applied 2 h before pathogen inoculation significantly controlled (26.5 – 96.1 %) the rust development. Black cumin extract was most effective followed by laurel.Black cumin extracts at 2 and 3 % concentrations provided rust control similar to mancozeb fungicide. There was no synergistic effect, when black cumin and laurel extracts were combined. None of the tested spice extracts were phytotoxic to bean leaves.


July, 2009  Volume (24 - 1)
Asplanchnidae, lecane, morphometry, rotifera, spine-induction.
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Morphometric changes in Lecane stokesii(Pell, 1890) (Rotifera: Lecanidae) induced by allelochemicals from the predator Asplanchnopus multiceps (Schrank, 1793)
  • Pages - 215-221
  • CARMEN SERRANIA SOTO and S.S.S. SARMA1*
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  • View Abstract  Changes in the morphometry (dorsal and ventral plates and posterior spine lengths of lorica) of Lecane stokesiiwere quantified with or without the presence of allelochemical asplanchnin from the predatory rotifer Asplanchnopus multiceps. As in many other species of Lecane, the dorsal plate of L. stokesiiis wide, the ventral plate is long (total lorica length, excluding spines 130-138 µm) and there is a linear relation between the length and the width of lorica. Comparedto the size of L. stokesiilorica cultured without asplanchnin, animals cultured in a medium with this allelochemical showed significant increase (up to 10%) in the sizeof lorica. The posterior spines of L. stokesiigrew 25% longer, when cultured with asplanchnin than those cultured without asplanchnin. However, we did not observe significant changes in the anterior spine lengths of L. stokesii, when cultured with or without asplanchnin in the medium. The presence of two posterior spines of lorica appeared as a stable taxonomic character of L. stokesiithat distinguished it from L. ohioensisor L. ludwigii.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelochemicals, allelopathy, autotoxicity, barley, flavonoids, green manure, gramine, hordenine,Hordeum vulgare,phenolic acids.
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Allelopathic Plants. 19. Barley (Hordeum vulgareL)
  • Pages - 225-241
  • ROBERT J. KREMER* and MONCEF BEN-HAMMOUDA1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Barley is integrated with other crops to inhibit weed growth, through allelopathic interactions. Effects of barley on growth of other crops, weeds and autotoxicity among cultivars result primarily from allelopathy mediated by allelochemicals released from plant components and/or exuded from living roots. A limited number of allelochemicals are identified thatcontributes to allelopathic effectiveness of barley. High allelopathic effectiveness of barley has resulted in its wide adoption as a cover crop in sustainable agricultural systems for weed management. The allelopathic effectiveness varies among the barley cultivars, hence, selection programmes might improve the allelopathic potential of new cultivars used for weed management. Allelochemicals in barley may be candidates for natural herbicides and innovative approaches for integrating barley cover cropping with other cultural practices to improve the sustainable or ecologically-based weed management.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelochemical, allelopathy, Bidens pilosa L., hairy beggarticks, indicator plants, root exudates, weed
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Allelopathic plants: 20. Hairy Beggarticks (Bidens pilosaL.)
  • Pages - 243-253
  • T.D. KHANH*, L.C. CONG, T.D. XUAN, Y. UEZATO, F. DEBA, T.TOYAMA and S. TAWATA*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Bidens pilosaL. is an annual major weed in warm areas of the world and is serious weed in many crops. In the bioassays and root exudates experiments, it significantly suppressed the growth of test plants.In field experiments, application of its shoots biomass at 2 t ha-1drastically suppressed (80%) the weed density and weed dry weight than hand-weeding and herbicide treatments and completely controlled the emergence of Rotala indica, Commelina diffusa, Jussiaea decurrens. Moreover, rice tiller numbers, panicles and grain were stimulated and yield was enhanced by 20%. Many secondary metabolites (phenolics, polyacetylenes and triterpens) involved in allelopathic action were found in this weed, of these phenylheptatriyne (PHT) and its derivatives amounts were highest in B. pilosaoil. Total 23 phenolic compounds [including salicylic acid, vanillin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid] were identified and isolated in shoots and roots. Caffeic acid was in highest amount (117.4, 298.7, and 350.3 µg g-1in leaves, stems and roots) followed by pyrocatechin (responsible for phytotoxicity). However, the fate and actual modes of action of these compounds are not well understood, whether these compounds can inhibit emergence of paddy weeds and enhanced the rice yields as well as contributing to its strong invasiveness in nature need to be further studied.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Allelopathy, crop mixture, crop rotation, cropping systems, intercropping, mulch, nitrification inhibition, sorghum, weed control.
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Potentials and prospects of sorghum allelopathy in agroecosystems
  • Pages - 255-270
  • BRAHIM S. ALSAADAWI* and FRANCK E. DAYAN1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The promising allelopathic potential of sorghum [Sorghum bicolorL. (Moench)] opens a fruitful area of research to exploit this phenomenon in weed control and regulation of nutrients cycle. The datasuggests that sorghum allelopathy can be exploited in different cropping practices [cover crop, smother crop, companion crop, mixing crop and smother crop to control weeds and inhibition of nitrification] and application of its water extracts in fields controls the weeds and enhances the crops productivity. The herbicidal and allelopathicproperties of sorgoleone, a compound isolated from root exudates of sorghum and other allelochemicals in sorghum deserve further work to identify the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of these compounds and the genes encoding them. Besides there is need to use genetic engineering to manipulate the identified genes in sorghum or in other crops to enhance their ability to suppress the weeds. This review addresses the research on the role of allelopathic potential in different cropping systemsand the approaches developed in weeds management.


October, 2009  Volume (24 - 2)
Autotoxicity, differential gene expression, Glycine max L. Merr.,m-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (MHPA), phenolic acids, radicle, real-time RT-PCR, soybean, ultrastructure.
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Soybean autotoxicity: Effects of m-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid on cell ultrastructural changes and gene expression in soybean roots
  • Pages - 271-282
  • WEI-BIN RUAN *, XUE-HUA ZHU, HUA-BIN LI, XIN ZHANG, SHI-YI GUO, JING-GUO WANG 1, FU-SUO ZHANG 1 and YU-BAO GAO
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The application ofm-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (MHPA), significantly inhibited the radicle growth and root tips became thicker and brownish in colour than untreated control. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that MHPA adversely affected the soybean root tip, leading to sparse cytoplasm and fewer organelles in root meristematic cell, cell vacuolation and poorly developed irregular amyloplasts in root columella cell. A total of 33 differentially displayed cDNA fragments were found between the MHPA treated and control samples and 6 differential displayed cDNA fragments were observed after the subsequent DDRT-PCR reactions on extracted RNA. Results from RT-PCR confirmed two differential expressions, (i). one down-regulated gene (S385) and (ii). one up-regulated gene (S452), these expressed approximate half-fold and 5-folds over the control plants, respectively.


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