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Showing 1553 articles

October, 2012  Volume (30 - 2)
Allelopathy, antioxidant, Enteromorpha intestinalis, membrane permeability, Prorocentrum micans, red tide, sea weed
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Allelopathic effects of Enteromorpha intestinalis (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) on Prorocentrum micans (Prorocentraceae, Dinophyta)
  • Pages - 299-310
  • X. SUN, Y. M. XIA and N. J. XU*
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  • View Abstract 

    The allelopathic effects of seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis were studied on the red tide microalgae Prorocentrum micans and the possible mechanisms were investigated by analysis of activities of antioxidant enzymes, alteration of membrane permeability and ultrastructure of P. micans cells. The P. micans was significantly inhibited by high concentrations of fresh tissues of E. intestinalis or their water phase extracts. The IC50 of fresh tissue of E. intestinalis on P. micans for six days was 6.23 mg.mL-1 and the water phase extracts was 0.018 mg·mL-1. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) significantly increased at 4 h, and decreased gradually till 24 h and finally reached the lower level of control group at 36 h. The level of malondialdehyde was significantly elevated indicating lipid peroxidation and oxidation stress by extracts of E. intestinalis treatment. The extracts of E. intestinalis altered the membrane permeability, as the intracellular concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ decreased significantly after 36h. The cellular organelles including chloroplasts and Golgi complex were damaged. It was concluded that the E. intestinalis showed allelopathic effects on the P. micans inducing the physiological and morphological changes and finally caused the death of P. micans.


October, 2012  Volume (30 - 2)
Allelochemicals, Cyperus iria, di-n-octyl phthalate, Echinochloa colonum, hexanedioic acid dioctyl ester, Ludwigia hysopifolia, Paspalam digitatum
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Identification of allelochemicals from Fimbristylis miliacea and their allelopathic potential against weed species
  • Pages - 311-318
  • B. S. ISMAIL* and A. B. SIDDIQUE
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  • View Abstract 

    We determined the allelochemicals produced by Fimbristylis miliacea and their allelopathic potential against 4-weed species (Ludwigia hysopifolia, Echinochloa colonum, Cyperus iria and Paspalam digitatum). Two allelochemicals (hexanedioic acid dioctyl ester and di-n-octyl phthalate) were isolated from the F. miliacea using a bioassay-guided isolation method. The compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Both compounds reduced the germination of all test weed species. Hexanedioic acid dioctyl ester was found more toxic than di-n-octyl phthalate


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathy, autotoxicity, forest ecosystems, phenolic compounds, plant-plant interactions, plant-soil-microbial interactions, regeneration failure, soil microbes
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Allelopathic and Environmental implications of plant phenolic compounds
  • Pages - 177-197
  • M. MITROVIC, S. JARIC, L. DJURDJEVIC, B. KARADŽIC, G. GAJIC, O. KOSTIC, LJ. OBERAN, D. PAVLOVIC, M. PAVLOVICand P. PAVLOVIC*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Interest in phenolic compounds has greatly developed during the past decade, hence, numerous biological, chemical and agricultural studies have been done. Thus much information has accumulated on the role of phenolic compounds in the environment. These have been investigated as allelopathic agents, plant growth regulators and for chemical defence in plant-pathogen interactions. Ecosystems degradation due to the effects of phenolic compounds has become very significant because it caused problems of natural regeneration failure, reforestation and management with serious ecological consequence. This paper reviews some recent findings, on role of phenolic compounds in plant-plant, plant-soil-microbial and plant-pathogens interactions with special emphasis on ecosystem degradation and regeneration.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathy, plant invasion, China, Novel Weapons Hypothesis.
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Exploring the Novel Weapons Hypothesis with invasive plant species in China
  • Pages - 199-213
  • G. Y. NI, P. ZHAO*, Q. Q. HUANG1,2, Y. P. HOU3, C. M. ZHOU, Q. P. CAO and S. L. PENG1
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  • View Abstract  The Novel Weapons Hypothesis (NWH) proposes that some invasive plant species gain advantages over native plants by possessing the novel allelopathic, defence, or antimicrobial chemicals. There is evidence for the NWH from geographical comparisons, chemical isolation and bioassays, but there are few studies to compare the potential allelopathic effects of numerous species in a specific region. We explored the NWH by evaluating the allelopathic potential of most noxious invasive plants in China. We found evidence for allelopathic effects for 25, of the 33 most noxious invasive plants in China. In particular, invasiveness in the Asteraceae appeared to rely on allelopathy. Our results indicate that invasive plants species have substantial allelopathic potential, to support the NWH, but not all strong invaders demonstrated the allelopathic potential.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Agroecosystems, allelochemicals, allelopathy, crops, microbes, phenolics, physiological processes.
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Role of phenolics in allelopathic interactions
  • Pages - 215-229
  • JACOB JOHN* and S. SARADA
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  • View Abstract  Allelopathy refers to the beneficial or harmful effects of one plant on another plant through the release of chemicals from plant parts in both natural and agricultural systems. The plants produce thousands of chemicals for self defence against herbivores, pests and neighbouring plants. Phenoliccompounds are major plant allelochemicals in ecosystem and they play key rolein allelopathy. Phenolics exert allelopathic effects on various physiological processes in plants (inhibition of cell division, elongation, and submicroscopic structures, changes in membrane permeability and inhibition of plant nutrients uptake, plant photosynthesis and respiration, various enzymes functions and activities, synthesis of plant endogenous hormones and protein synthesis). The allelopathic effects of phenolics from trees, crops, medicinal plants and weeds have been reviewed in this Review and future areas of research are suggested.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelochemical,Casuarina equisetifolia, leachates, photosynthesis, Vatica mangachapoi
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Effects of Casuarina equisetifolialeachates on photosynthesis of Vatica mangachapoiBlanco seedlings
  • Pages - 231-240
  • LEI LI, YING ZHANG**, YONG DING, YUJIE ZHANG, CHUNQING WANG and QIANG LIU
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  • View Abstract  The effects of Casuarina equisetifoliaallelochemicals on the photosynthesis parameters of V. mangachapoi seedlings were studied to explore the possibility of developing mixed forest of C. equisetifoliaand Vatica mangachapoi. The C. equisetifolialeachates markedly reduced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiration rate, light compensation point, maximal RuBP regeneration rate, apparent quantum efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, but there were no effects of 0.125 g/ml and 0.25 g/ml concentrations. Howeverwith increase in leachates concentration, the CO2saturation point, CO2compensation point of V. mangachapoi seedlings were increased. These results suggested that reduction in stomatal conductance under the influence of allelochemicals is not the primary limiting factor of photosynthesis, but allelochemicals also affect the RuBPCase activity which reduces the photosynthesis in V. mangachapoiseedlings.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Garlic, inhibitory effect, lettuce, peanut, Pythiumspp., radish, rape, root exudates
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Allelopathic effects of garlic root exudates on germination and seedling growth of some crops and to control Pythiumspecies
  • Pages - 242-249
  • JUDAN YUAN, JUNSHAN QI, BO ZHANG, YUELI ZHANG, KAI FENG, ZHICAI QU1 and CHANGSONG LI*
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  • View Abstract  We assessed the allelopathic effects of garlic rootexudates on 3-crops (lettuce, rape and radish) and 6-pathogens (Pythium helicoide, P. irregular, P. ultimum,P. violae, P. heterothal,andP. sylvati). The water culture method was used to collect the root exudates from garlic between 10 to 60 daysof plant growth. In bioassays, the effects of root exudates were determined on seed germination and seedling growth of recipient crops and mycelial growth of 6-pathogens.The garlic root exudates exerted the allelopathic effects on 3-test crops and 6-testpathogens and the magnitude of allelopathic effects depended on the garlic plant age and exudates concentration. The root exudates from 10 to 60 days old plants of garlic, inhibited the germination of all test crops and mycelial growth of pathogens. The inhibitory effects of root exudates were highest from the 30- and 40-days old garlic plants. However, the hypocotyl growth of test crops was stimulated. The individualcrop and Pythiumspecies differed in their growth responses to the garlic root exudates.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathic effect, invasive plant, Scirpus mariqueter, soil,Spartina alterniflora
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Allelopathic effects of invasive Spartina alternifloraroot exudates in soil on the offspring (seeds) of Scirpus mariqueter
  • Pages - 251-261
  • X. LIANG, H. ZHENG, C.Q. HE*. Q.Y. XU, Y.W. ZHAN, Y.R. LEI, W. DU and J.N. YANG
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  • View Abstract  Spartina alternifloraLoisel is an invasive species in Jiuduansha Islands and threatens the local biodiversity and the survival of native species Scirpus mariqueter.In this study, the resistant and tolerant characteristics of native species S. mariqueter against invasive species S. alternifloraand the inheritance of these characteristics were examined. Our results showed that due to the invasion of S. alterniflora, the germination of S. mariqueterseeds and the growth of seedlings in the invaded soil were significantly inhibited. The ultimate germination of S. mariqueterdecreased from 91.67% (non-invaded) to 5.83% (invaded). Our data indicated that soil of S. alterniflora and S. mariqueterboth contained many compounds. But heneicosanoic acid, hexadecane, octadecane, sulfuric acid, diethyl ester and so on were only found in S. alterniflorasoil and they might have allelopathic effect on the S. mariqueter. S. mariqueterwould begin to evolve resistant or tolerant characteristics against allelochemicals when invaded by S. alterniflora. The resistant or tolerant characteristics were utilized by S. mariquetergenetically developed in S. mariqueter offspring. However, the growth of S. mariqueterwas still affected seriously by S. alterniflora.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Actinomycetes, allelopathic potential, azotobacter, bacteria, cellulose- decomposing microorganisms,Juglans mandshurica, Larix gmelini, soil microbial populations, spatial distribution, total phenols
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Spatial distribution of total phenols and soil microbial populations in Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshuricaMaxim.) and its mixed-species plantations
  • Pages - 263-269
  • L. X. YANG*, Y. Z. SUN, D. L. WANG and J. FAN1
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  • View Abstract  We studied the spatial distribution of total phenols, soil microbial populations and their allelopathic potential in Manchurian walnut and its mixed-species plantations. In mixed-species plantation, there wassignificant decrease in content of total phenols, but a striking increase in the number of soil microbial populations than walnut plantation and natural secondary forest. Thetotal phenols and microbial populations in walnut and larch-walnut mixed-species plantations were almost homogeneous in distribution. We hypothesize that phenolic acids are allelochemicals responsible for the productivity decline of Manchurian walnut plantation. The large soil microbial population could consume large amounts of phenolic acids, which decreased the phenolic acids in mixed-species plantation.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Acacia dealbata,competitive interactions, invasive species, native species, Plantago lanceolata,physiological parameters, Sloped Box technique, Trifolium pratense
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New Sloped Box method to study allelopathic effects of Acacia dealbataunder competitive interactions
  • Pages - 271-285
  • P. LORENZO1, E. PAZOS-MALVIDO2, M. J. REIGOSA2 and L. GONZÃLEZ2*1
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  • View Abstract  We have developed new ‘Sloped Box’ technique to investigate the role of allelopathy in spread of A. dealbataunder competitive interactions. The germination of Plantago lanceolataL. and Trifolium pratenseL. was accelerated in seeds near to Acacia dealbataLink. In 3 out of 4-test species, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was increased with time, in plants grown around A. dealbataand plants in first part of underside of the slope. Interestingly, the above ground biomass of P. lanceolataand Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg were lowest in plants closer to A. dealbata, followed by the plants grown on the first part oflower side of slope and the highest in plants on the top and bottom of slope. We found that plants around the invasive species were more affected thanthose on the edges of pots. We concluded that the invasive A. dealbatacould affect the autochthonous plant species by naturally releasing the organic compounds that act as allelochemicals, although the interaction of other factors cannot be overlooked. Its effect is focussed on plants located near the individual donors. This new methodmay be adequate to study allelopathy and help in understanding the allelopathic process and competitive mechanisms.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathy, germination, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Beta vulgaris, Helianthus annuus, Amaranthus retroflexus, photosynthesis, weed.
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Phytotoxic effects of aqueous extract of eucalyptus, sunflower and sugar beet on seed germination, growth and photosynthesis of Amaranthus retroflexus
  • Pages - 288-296
  • A. DADKHAH
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  • View Abstract  Laboratory and pot experiments were done to evaluate the allelopathic potential of shoot aqueous extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensisL.), sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) on germination, growth and photosynthesis of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Germination, growth and photosynthesis of A. retroflexuswere inhibited by aqueous extract of the tested plant species. Sugar beet extract was more inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth than sunflower and eucalyptus. Seed germination of A. retroflexuswas significantly decreased by 57.4% and 92% at 10and 20 gL-1extract concentration, respectively than control. While sunflower and eucalyptus extracts reduced the weed seed germination by 39% and 38%, respectively at 20gL-1concentration. High extract concentration (20gL-1) of sugar beet reduced the plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight and leaf photosynthesis of A. retroflexus by 34.6%, 56.3%, 39.9% and 47.3%, respectively over the control, while, sunflower and eucalyptus extracts reduced the weed plant height by 23.1% and 20.6%, leaf area by 24.5% and 21%, shoot dry weight by 31.5% and 29.8% and leaf photosynthesis by 27% and 22.3%, respectively compared with control.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathy, Bidens pilosa, competition, Medicago sativa, pot culture, Trifolium repens, Vicia villosa,
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Comparative allelopathic and competitive abilities of 3-native forage legumes and the invasive weed Bidens pilosa L.
  • Pages - 297-306
  • RUILONG WANG1,2,3, ZHILI FENG1,2,3, XIAOTING LIANG1,2,3, WUBING XU1,2,3, YIJUAN SU1,2,3, YUANYUAN SONG1,2,3* and RENSEN ZENG1,2,3*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Bidens pilosa L., an invasive exotic weed, has caused substantial damage to the ecosystem in Southern China. Till now there is no effective way to control this invasive plant. In this study laboratory bioassay and pot experiments were conducted to compare allelopathic potentials and competitive abilities of the B. pilosaand three native forage legumes (Vicia villosa Roth, Medicago sativaL. and Trifolium repensL.). Allelopathic activity was evaluated by determining the phytotoxic effects of aqueous leachates of fresh leaves and litter leachate in water-agar sandwich on seed germination and seedling growth. Competitive ability was determinedby measuring the biomass of plants grown in pots at different densities and proportions for 45 d. At the same concentration of leachates,V. villosa, M. sativaand T. repens showed more inhibitory effects on B. pilosathan the effects of B. pilosaon the three legume plants. Based on the relative yield, relative yield total and aggressivity, the order of the competitive ability was: V. villosa > M. sativa> T. repens. V. villosacan be used as biological alternative material to manage the invasive plant B. pilosa.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Allelopathy, Castanopsis chinensis, Castanopsis fissa, Cryptocarya chinensis, Cryptocarya concinna,dominant trees, invasion resistance, invasive plants,Mikania micrantha, Pinus massoniana, Schima superba, seedling growth
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Inhibition of invasive specie Mikania micranthaH.B.K. by native dominant trees in China
  • Pages - 307-314
  • YU-PING HOU, SHAO-LIN PENG1,*, GUANG-YAN NI2 and LEI-YI CHEN1
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  • View Abstract  Laboratory bioassays and pot experiments were done to evaluate the allelopathic effects of 6-native dominant trees [Pinus massonianaLamb., Schima superba Gardn. et Champ., Castanopsis chinensisHance, Castanopsis fissa (Champ. ex Bench.) Rehd. et Wils., Cryptocarya chinensis (Hance) Hemsl. and Cryptocarya concinnaHance] of 3-forests on Mikania micrantha H.B.K. in lower subtropical China. In laboratory bioassays, the litter leachates of all 6-dominant trees reduced the root length of M. micranthaseedlings. Likewise in pot experiments also, the seedling growth of M. micranthawas inhibited significantly when planted with S. superba, C. chinensis, C. fissa, or Cryptocarya chinensis, but the total biomass was not affected by Cryptocarya concinna. Compared toCryptocarya concinnatreatment, the stem mass ratio (SMR) of M. micranthadecreased significantly with S. superba, C. chinensis, C. fissaand Cryptocarya chinensis treatments. This decrease in aboveground biomass results in less space occupied by M. micrantha and will consequently reduce the plant’s further expansion. Our results support the assumption that the dominant trees exerted different inhibitory effects on the growth of M. micrantha, implying that the plant-plant interactions may play an important rolein determining the habitat invasion resistance.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Electrolyte leakage, essential oil, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, germination, hydrogen peroxide, inhibition, Parthenium hysterophorus, phytotoxicity, seedlings growth.
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Phytotoxic potential of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil to control Parthenium hysterophorus L.
  • Pages - 315-323
  • S. CHATURVEDI*, J. PANDEY, V.C. DHYANI, S.K. GURU1 and R. KAUSHAL
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  • View Abstract  Herbicidal effects of leaf oil from 3-Eucalyptusspecies (Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensisand Eucalyptus tereticornis) were evaluated on germination and seedlings growth of Parthenium hysterophorusL. In laboratory bioassay the different concentrations of eucalyptusessential oils significantly reduced the seed germination. Based on the germination, a dose-response curve was made and LC25 values were calculated as 0.35, 0.8 and 1.8 mg/L for E. citriodora, E. camaldulensisand E. tereticornis, respectively. The E. citriodoraproved most inhibitory to seedling growth and biomass of P. hysterophorous,even at 0.25 mg/L. Spraying of E. citriodoraon P. hysterophorous4-wk-old plants decreased the plants height, membrane integrity and cellular defense i.e. showed the adverse effects of eucalyptus leaf essential oil on growth, photosynthesis and energy metabolism of target plants. Exposure of P. hysterophorusto E. citriodoraleaf essential oil also enhanced the electrolyte leakage, indicating membrane disintegration. An increased level of H2O2in spray treatment indicates the induction of oxidative stress. Thus the essential oil from E. citriodorainhibited the P. hysterophorusgrowth through oxidative damage, hence, could be used as directed spray to control P. hysterophorus.


October, 2012  Volume (29 - 2)
Agroforestry, allelopathy, Alnus nepalensis, Camellia sinensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, economic forest, Eucalyptus robusta, Gentiana rigescens, medicinal plant
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Effects of tree species on seed germination and seedlings growth of Chinese medicinal herbGentiana rigescens
  • Pages - 325-331
  • J. ZHANG, J.Y. ZHANG, Y. Z. WANG, S. B. YANG, M. Q.YANG and H. JIN*
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  • View Abstract  Allelopathic effects of 4-tree species [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze, Eucalyptus robusta Smith, Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne, Alnus nepalensis D. Don] were studied on Chinese medicinal plant, Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl.. The leaf or root aqueous extracts of all tree species reduced the germination, plumule and radicle growth of G. rigescens,but the effects were variable. The highest seed germination rate was with leaf extracts (10.0%) of Camellia sinensis.Contrarily the seeds did not germinate in leaf extracts ofEucalyptus robusta andAlnus nepalensis. The longest plumule length (3.37 mm) was in leaf extracts of Camellia sinensis. Hence G. rigescensmay be grown as intercrop in tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Herbicidal activity, phytotoxic compounds, phytotoxin, pathogenic fungi, weeds management
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Fungal phytotoxins for weed management
  • Pages - 14-Jan
  • J.P. ZHANG, G.F. DUAN, Y.J. ZHOU and L.Q. YU*
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  • View Abstract 

    Fungi are major source of phytotoxins with potential herbicidal use. Some of these phytotoxins could be used as lead compound for chemical synthesis. In this review, several herbicidal compounds a,b-dehydrocurvularin, helminthosporin, brefeldin A, vulculic acid, and ophiobolin from fungal plant pathogens in China are explained. Their isolation, identification, structural elucidation, herbicidal and other pesticidal activities and mode of action are described. Challenges for the discovery and commercialization of these compounds are outlined.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathy, crop residues, lentil, sorghum extracts, sunflower extracts, water extracts, weed control
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Potential uses of sorghum and sunflower residues for weed control and to improve lentil yields
  • Pages - 15-22
  • M. HOZAYN*, E.M. ABD EL-LATEEF, F.M. SHARAR AND A.A. ABD EL-MONEM
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  • View Abstract 

    In field studies, we determined the response of lentil and its weeds to foliar application of sorghum or sunflower water extracts. The sorghum and sunflower extracts significantly reduced the weeds dry weight by 65.62% and 63.56% and thus increased the lentil dry weight by 67.66% and 64.41% respectively, over the unweeded control. The lentil seed yield was increased by 61.34% and 56.18%, respectively. In pot experiment, we determined the responses of lentil varieties to allelopathic effects of sorghum and sunflower residues. The lentil varieties differed in responses to the incorporated sorghum and sunflower shoot residues. The sunflower residues at (12 and 24 g/pot) decreased the seedling growth of lentil varieties more than sorghum residues. The Giza-9 variety proved tolerant to the incorporated sunflower residues. The results suggest that residues of sorghum and sunflower may provide safe and inexpensive weed control, besides increasing the lentil yield in newly reclaimed sandy soil.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
entaurea solstitialis, germination, mustard oil, yellow starthistle, weed control.
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Effects of mustard oil on germination and growth of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.)
  • Pages - 23-32
  • SIBEL UYGUR
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  • View Abstract  In laboratory bioassay, the traditionally prepared unrefined oil from mustard and water mixture (50% concentration) and different layers of this mixture were applied to yellow starthistle seeds (Centaurea solstitialis L.). The results indicated that, three layers (upper, middle and lower) of mustard oil + water mixture significantly reduced the germination of yellow starthistle. There was complete inhibition of germination in upper and middle layers of mustard oil + water mixture added to petri dishes. The mixtures (20% and 40% concentration) were applied as pre-emergence and post-emergence sprays on plants in greenhouse condiditons. There was no effect of pre-emergence application on the emergence of yellow starthistle seedlings. However, pre- emergence application, (1 or 2 sprays) of upper layer of 40 % mixture reduced the plant height, fresh and dry mass of yellow starthistle. This study showed the allelopathic effects of mustard oil+water mixture on this weed. It could be used in organic crop production, where yellow starthistle is problem or combined with other management methods.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Abelmoschus esculentus, Capsicum annuum, chilli, crop residues, Eleusine indica extracts, goosegrass, herbicidal activity, okra, Oryza sativa, phytotoxicity
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Allelopathic potential of crops on germination and growth of goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn) weed
  • Pages - 33-42
  • T. S. CHUAH*, S. M. TIUN1 and B.S. ISMAIL2
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  • View Abstract  This study was done to examine the allelopathic effects of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extracts on germination and growth of goosegrass weed in laboratory bioassay, and effects of crop residues on seedlings growth of goosegrass weed in greenhouse. The most phytotoxic extract was chilli leaves, followed by chilli stem, which completely inhibited the germination of goosegrass at 20 and 30 g L-1, respectively. The chilli leaf and stem extracts at 40 g L-1 inhibited the seedling growth of goosegrass by 45 and 62 %, respectively. The okra pod residues at 1.0 t ha-1 reduced the fresh weight of goosegrass seedling by 77 % in sterilized soil. Thus extracts of chilli and residues of okra exhibit potent herbicidal activity on germination and seedling growth of goosegrass weed.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Annual ryegrass, Lolium rigidum, mixed planted, phenolic acids, root exudates, Tricticum aestivum, wheat.
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Effects of wheat crop density on growth of ryegrass
  • Pages - 43-54
  • C. J. LI, M. AN1 , M. SAEED2, L. LI* and J. PRATLEY1
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  • View Abstract  Laboratory bioassay was conducted to assess the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop density on weed control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Increasing the density of allelopathic wheat strongly ameliorated its competitiveness and significantly inhibited the growth of annual ryegrass. The increased wheat density steadily decreased the total root length and total root surface area of ryegrass, however, the root diameter of ryegrass increased. The roots of annual ryegrass were thinner than wheat. Interactions between the wheat and annual ryegrass greatly influenced the annual ryegrass root length and diameter within 0.180-0.225 mm and within 0.225-0.270 mm. In addition, root distribution and dominance in different diameter class was wheat density dependent and uneven. The increased root diameter and decreased root length and surface area of rye grass may be due to strong allelopathic effects of wheat (significant quantity of allelochemicals were produced at middle and high densities). This might led to the suppression of annual ryegrass growth.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Cichorium intybus, ecological restoration, Euchlaena mexicana, forage species, invasive plant, Lactuca indica, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, residual effects, Sorghum vulgare × S. sudanense hybrid, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Yellowtop
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Residual effects of invasive weed Yellowtop (Flaveria bidentis) on forage plants for ecological restoration
  • Pages - 53-64
  • CHAO-HE HUANGFU, TIAN-RUI ZHANG1, DONG-QING CHEN, NAN-NAN WANG and DIAN-LIN YANG *
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  • View Abstract  In bioassays, we investigated the residual effects of yellowtop (Flaveria bidentis), a new invasive weed in China and its effects on test forage species for restoration of sites invaded by exotic weeds. The relative contributions of leaves and roots to the residual effects of yellowtop were evaluated. We found that the sensitivity to yellowtop residues was species dependent and there was no effect on the germination and initial growth of Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa and Sorghum vulgare × S. sudanense hybrid, but other species (Lactuca indica,Trifolium repens and Euchlaena mexicana) seedlings were more sensitive, but there was little influence on itself. The phytotoxic activity depended on the extract concentration and the extract sources. The yellowtop root residues were more inhibitory than leaf, helping to explain its residual effects on the surrounding soil. Screening of forage plants resistant to these allelochemicals may improve their success in ecological restoration after yellowtop weed invasion.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathic effect, aqueous extracts, electrophoretic protein patterns, Erigeron annus L., Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., root hair development
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Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. and Erigeron annus L. on radicles growth of Lactuca sativa and Raphanus raphanistroides
  • Pages - 65-74
  • K. A. PARK, K. C. SHIM*, J. H. KIL1 and S. H. YEAU2
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  • View Abstract  We studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. and Erigeron annus L. leaves on root hair development and electrophoretic protein patterns in Lactuca sativa L. and Raphanus raphanistroides Nakai. Root hair development in both test plants (L. sativa and R. raphanistroides) was inhibited by increasing donor plants aqueous extract concentration. Extracted proteins in radicles of test species were identified through SDS-PAGE. Protein bands of L. sativa treated with E. rugosum disappeared in the range of 26 to 18.5 kDa and those of L. sativa treated with E. annus disappeared in the range of 26 to 9 kDa. In R. raphanistroides, the protein bands were similar in control and treated plants. The results suggested that although the aqueous extracts from E. rugosum and E. annus inhibited the early growth of receptor plants, but their inhibitory allelopathic effects were stronger on L. sativa than on R. raphanistroides


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathy, cucumber, Cucumis sativus, onion, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, root exudates.
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Allelopathic effects of root exudates of Chinese onion accessions on cucumber yield and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
  • Pages - 75-86
  • YANG YANG, WU FENGZHI* and LIU SHOUWEI
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In laboratory screening and field experiment, we studied the allelopathic potential of 12 Chinese onion accessions. on germination and seedling growth of cucumber plants and on spore germination and mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. The onion root exudates stimulated the growth of cucumber seedlings. The allelopathic potential of root exudates varied among the onion accessions and was lowest in L04 accession and highest in L06 accession. Onion root exudates inhibited the spore germination and mycelium growth of pathogen. The interplanting of Chinese onion accession-high allelopathic potential with cucumber, increased the yield per plant of cucumber and decreased the incidence and pathogenic index of cucumber Fusarium wilt.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelochemicals, autotoxicity, continuous tobacco cropping, crop rotation, phthalate esters, root exudates
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Autotoxic substances in the root exudates from continuous tobacco cropping
  • Pages - 87-96
  • Z. H. JIA1,2,3, J. H. YI3, Y. R. SU1 and H. SHEN4*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Effects of continuous cropping on the growth of tobacco seedlings were investigated in different soils of Central China. The continuous cropping of tobacco suppressed the tobacco growth and also drastically decreased the root activity than in rice/tobacco rotation in Liuyang. To explore the autotoxicity mechanism, allelochemicals in the root exudates of tobacco seedlings were measured by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). In the root exudates of continuous cropping and rotation cropping of tobacco, 18 and 20 compounds were found respectively. Fourteen compounds were in higher amounts in continuous cropping than in rotation cropping. Phytotoxic effects of phthalate esters [dibutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate] were evaluated using tobacco seeds as test material. The phthalate esters at high concentrations (above 0.5 mM) inhibited the seed germination. At low concentrations, the inhibitory effects of diisobutyl phthalate were more serious than dibutyl phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate but there were no differences at high concentrations. Thus phthalate esters from tobacco root exudates might play major role in tobacco allelopathy, in soils of the continuous cropping of tobacco.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathy, bioassay, bracken fern, fronds, mitotic activity, Pteridium aquilinum, season, weed flora.
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Allelopathic effects of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) in Taiwan
  • Pages - 97-110
  • H.H. WANG1, B.J. CHEN2, L.M. HSU3, Y.M. CHENG2, Y.J. LIOU4 and C.Y. WANG2*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Field surveys in summer and winter seasons showed that both the plant population and cover (%) of weed plants in fern-growing areas were lower than in areas without fern (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn), showing the allelopathic effects of this fern. Hence, its allelopathic effects were studied. In bioassays, the water extracts of fern fronds and rhizomes, especially the fronds, showed persistent and higher allelopathic effects (inhibition of seed germination, hypocotyl and radicle elongation) in many vegetables, than water extracts of litter and soils around the fern plant. This phenomenon was observed throughout one year and may partly explain the long-term allelopathic effects of this fern in situ. The water-soluble allelochemicals significantly inhibited the mitosis of radicle tip cells in radish. These allelochemicals at low rates (6%, w/v), kept high proportion of cells under division in prophase, while at the highest rate (25%) tested, the cell division was completely maintained at prophase. The allelopathic effect of water extract of bracken fern was confirmed and an interruption in plant cell cycle might be involved in the mechanism of action.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Camphor, cineole, essential oil composition, Lactuca sativa, limonene, Lolium perenne, pinene, Pinus taeda, Sassafras albidum, terpineol.
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Allelopathic potential of Sassafras albidum and Pinus taeda essential oils
  • Pages - 111-122
  • J. ERIN KENNEDY, PURVA C. DAVÉ, LINDSAY N. HARBIN and WILLIAM N. SETZER*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The bark essential oil of Sassafras albidum was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were a-pinene (38-62%), camphene (3-5%), ß-pinene (10-13%), 1,8-cineole (7-10%), camphor (2-5%) and a-terpineol (4-12%). Pinus taeda leaf, bark and wood essential oils were obtained and analyzed by GC-MS. a-Pinene dominated in all three P. taeda essential oils (50%, 44% and 67%, respectively), however, ß-pinene was also abundant (22%, 8% and 27%, respectively). P. taeda bark oil also had large amounts of myrcene (18%) and ß-phellandrene (17%). S. albidum bark oil and P. taeda leaf oil, along with the essential oil components, [a-pinene, camphene, ß-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, camphor and a-terpineol] were screened for phytotoxic effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). S. albidum bark oil inhibited the seed germination of L. sativa (IC50 = 1834 µg/mL) and L. perenne (IC50 = 1848 µg/mL), while, camphor (IC50 = 3.1 mM) and a-terpineol (IC50 = 2.9 mM) inhibited the germination of L. sativa; and ß-pinene (IC50 = 6.4 mM) and limonene (IC50 = 8.8 mM) inhibited L. perenne seed germination. Both S. albidum bark oil and P. taeda leaf oil, as well as all of the major essential oil components tested, but especially a-terpineol, significantly inhibited the radicle elongation of L. sativa. Similarly, both essential oils and all of the components except camphene significantly inhibited the radicle elongation in L. perenne. The phytotoxic effects of S. albidum bark oil and L. perenne leaf oil are consistent with their hypothetical allelopathy.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Adsorption in soil, allelopathic activity, camphor, camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora, rice, soil, water, volatile compound
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Allelopathic activity of camphor released from camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
  • Pages - 123-132
  • YUMI OKAMOTO, KEIKO YAMAJI and KATSUICHIRO KOBAYASHI*
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  • View Abstract  The allelopathic activity of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora Sieb.) was studied to determine the behaviour of allelochemicals released from the leaf powder into air and soil in laboratory. Growth of rice seedlings, as a receiver plant, was inhibited in soil incorporated with the leaf powder and in sea sand applied with the soil water from the leaf powder-incorporated soil. (+)-Camphor was detected in soil water from the soil incorporated with the leaf powder and was considered an allelochemical released from camphor tree. The phytotoxic activity of leaf powder and of (+)-camphor in soil coincided with the concentration of (+)-camphor in soil water. It was suggested that the allelopathic activity of (+)-camphor in soil treated with the leaf powder was principally induced by (+)-camphor which was released from the leaf powder into the soil and additionally by absorption of (+)-camphor from the air through the stomata.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathy, herbicidal effect, paddy weeds, terpenoid mixture
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Herbicidal effects of mixture of oxygenic terpenoids on paddy weeds
  • Pages - 133-142
  • HAIBIN HE, HAIBIN WANG1, ZHIHUA LIN1, RONGSHAN CHEN1, CHANGHUI LIU1, HANWEN WU2 and WENXIONG LIN*1
  • View 
  • View Abstract  To further explore the practical application of allelochemicals in rice production, the mixture of five oxygenic terpenoids [(–) carveol, (+) carvone, (–) menthone, (–) carvyl acetate, and (+) cedrol] identified in previous study, was evaluated in green house for their herbicidal activity on paddy weeds. This terpenoid mixture effectively reduced the growth (aboveground dry weight) of most paddy weeds by 90.0% in 2007 and 83.3% in 2009, respectively, over control. However, the growth of two tested hybrid rice cultivars (Shan-You 63 and Te-You-Hang II) was enhanced after the terpenoid mixture treatment. This study suggested that allelochemicals (including terpenoids), could be used as novel component of integrated weed management in rice production.


January, 2011  Volume (27 - 1)
Allelopathy, bioassay, Syzygium cumini (Black plum), Vigna radiata (green gram), Zea mays (maize), Oryza sativa (rice), phytotoxicity, pot culture, pulp extract, rice
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Effects of pulp extract of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fruits on rice, maize and green gram crops
  • Pages - 143-150
  • B. P. BHATT*, J. K. SINGH, IMTIMONGLA and MOANARO
  • View 
  • View Abstract  In bioassay and pot culture, the allelopathic influence of pulp extract of Syzygium cumini L. fruit on 3-crops, [Oryza sativa Linn. (cv. Ranjit), Zea mays Linn. (Cv. Vijay Composite) and Vigna radiata Linn. (Cv. SG-1)] were determined. The pulp extracts significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the germination, growth and biomass yield in both bioassay and pot culture. The O. sativa test crop was more susceptible to toxins in pulp extract followed by Zea mays. Irrespective of test crops, the pulp extract reduced the germination, shoot length, root length and biomass yield by 22.2, 28.1, 27.8 and 32.5%, respectively.


April, 2011  Volume (27 - 2)
Biocontrol agent, bioherbicide, morning-glory, Myrothecium verrucaria, weeds
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Effects of Myrothecium verrucaria on morning-glory (Ipomoea) species
  • Pages - 151-161
  • R.E. HOAGLAND1, T.S. MCCALLISTER1, C.D. BOYETTE2, M.A. WEAVER2 and R.V. BEECHAM3
  • View 
  • View Abstract  During field testing of a bioherbicidal strain of the fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) for control of spurges and purslanes in tomato test plots in summer of 2005, we noted extensive damage to volunteer morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.) seedlings. This observation prompted investigations on the biological control efficacy of MV on various Ipomoea species under a controlled environment. Seven morning-glory species [ivyleaf (Ipomoea hederacea), moonvine (Ipomoea turbinate), palmleaf (Ipomoea wrightii), pitted (Ipomoea lacunosa), multi-color (Ipomoea tricolor), moonflower (Ipomoea alba), and cypressvine (Ipomoea quamoclit)] were grown in greenhouse and tested at first to second leaf growth stage. MV spores (107spores mL-1) were formulated in Silwet L-77 surfactant (0.2 %, v/v) or an invert emulsion containing this surfactant. Plants were treated either with Silwet (0.2%, v/v) alone (control), invert emulsion plus Silwet, MV plus Silwet, or MV plus Silwet plus invert emulsion via spray application. After application, the plants were placed in a dew chamber (15-18 h) and then transferred to a greenhouse. Plant injury and disease progression were assessed visually and fresh and dry weights were determined at the end of tests (7 days after treatment). Some of these species exhibited more tolerance than others to spray applications of MV plus Silwet, depending on the time after treatment. Compared to MV alone treatments, formulations of MV plus the invert emulsion promoted injury symptomology in pitted and moonvine morning-glories, but caused less disease symptomology than MV alone in palmleaf seedlings. There were no significant differences in disease symptomology of the MV alone and MV plus invert treatments in the other species. Overall, the results indicate some differential injury effects of MV on closely related species, i.e., Ipomoea (morning-glories), and that the invert emulsion can increase the efficacy of MV in certain instances.


April, 2011  Volume (27 - 2)
Cinnamic acid, cucumber-soil system, dynamic changes, salt stress.
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Dynamic changes in cinnamic acid content in cucumber-soil system under salt stress
  • Pages - 164-174
  • WANG YING, WU FENGZHI*1, LIU SHOUWEI* and PAN KAI*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  The dynamics of transfer and distribution of cinnamic acid were investigated in cucumber plant and cucumber-soil under salt stress. Two cucumber cultivars (Jinlv No. 5 and Jinyou No.1) with different salt resistance were grown in salt prepared soil (585 NaCl mg·kg-1soil), seedlings at first-leaf stage were treated with cinnamic acid solution at doses of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg·kg-1 dry soil. Plant and soil samples were taken at 7, 14, 21 days after application. Cinnamic acid concentration in each organ of cucumber and in soil was determined by HPLC. Under salt stress, cinnamic acid content in cucumber plants of ‘Jinlv No.5’ (Salt tolerant) were increased at doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 soil, but decreased at 200 mg·kg-1soil, while the cinnamic acid content of ‘Jinyou No.1’ (Salt sensitive) were increased at doses of 0, 25 and 50 mg·kg-1 soil, but decreased from dose of 100 mg·kg-1 soil. The cinnamic acid contents in soil increased with increasing applied doses and showed dynamic changes of ‘high-low-high’ with time except the control. In cucumber plant-soil system, most of the cinnamic acid remained mainly in soil than in cucumber plants.


April, 2011  Volume (27 - 2)
Amino acids, cucumber cultivars, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, inoculation, organic acids. root exudates
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Composition of root exudates from cucumber cultivars differing in resistance to Fusarium wilt
  • Pages - 175-184
  • KAI PAN, FENGMING MA and FENGZHI WU*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  Seedlings of cucumber cultivars differing in their degree of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. cucumerinum J.H. Owen were inoculated with a fungal spore suspension (1 ×107/ml) or deionized water, thereafter the root exudates were collected. Amino acids in the root exudates were analyzed with an Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer and the other compounds in the exudates were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The number of amino acid types and the overall proportion of amino acids in the resistant cultivars were higher than susceptible cultivars. Phenylalanine, valine, methionine, glycine and cystine were found in the root exudates of all cultivars in both treated and untreated seedlings. However, the total percentage of these five amino acids in root exudates from uninoculated seedlings was higher than inoculated seedlings. The total percentage of these amino acids in root exudates from susceptible cultivars was higher thanresistant cultivars. Besides the soluble amino acids, 85 other compounds were detected by GC-MS in the root exudates. Regarding the uninoculated seedlings, the number and abundance of all compounds were higher in the root exudates of susceptible cultivars than in resistant cultivars. Furthermore, the number and abundance compounds were higher in the root exudates from inoculated seedlings than in uninoculated seedlings. A possible relationship between the content of organic acids (acetic acid and benzoic acid) in the root exudates and resistance to Fusarium wilt by the cucumber cultivar was indicated.


April, 2011  Volume (27 - 2)
Autotoxicity, continuous cropping problem, microbial functional diversity, potassium, tobacco.
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Effects of potassium application on functional diversities of microbes in rhizospheric soil of continuous croppedtobacco
  • Pages - 185-192
  • Y.H. YANG, D.M. CHEN1, Y.JI 1, H.J. WEN1, H.B. WANG1, Y.Q. DUAN, C. H. YOU1, X.K. GUO1, H.B. HE1and W.X. LIN1*
  • View 
  • View Abstract  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of potassium application on the functional diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped tobacco to understand the mechanism for development of replanting disease (continuous cropping problem) in tobacco. The inhibitory effects of tobacco rhizosphere soil on lettuce and tobacco seedlings were decreased with increase in dose of potassium. BIOLOG analysis indicated that in terms of the properties using different carbon sources, the microflora was not significantly different in the rhizosphere soil of continuous cropping tobacco under different potassium doses, except for the microorganisms using phenolic acid as the carbon source. Besides the correlative analysis suggested that the autotoxic effects of tobacco in the continuous cropping system were significantly and positively correlated with the inhibitory effects of tobacco rhizosphere soil on the target plants, lettuce. Further, the inhibitory effects of tobacco rhizosphere soil on the target plants were also positively correlated to the microorganisms using the carboxylic acid, amine, and phenolic acid as carbon sources. However, the microorganisms utilizing the amine were significantly and negatively correlated with the use of carboxylic acid and phenolic acid as carbon sources. In addition, the microbe feeding on the carboxylic acid was also significantly and negatively correlated to phenolic acid. The findings suggest that it is crucial to optimize the structure of microbial community in rhizosphere soil of tobacco in the continuous cropping system by using reasonable farming practice.


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